U.    S.    DEPARTMENT    OF   AGRICULTURE. 

BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY— BULLETIN  No.  ^. 

D.  E.  SALMON.   D.  V.  M.,  CHIEF  OF  BUREAU. 


:  TATISTICS  OF  THE  DAIRY. 


COMPILED  FROM  THE  UNITED  STATES  CENSUS  FOR  1900, 

AND  FROM  OTHER  RELIABLE  .SOURCES, 

WITH  EXPLANATORY  NOTES, 


HY 


HENRY  E.  ALVORD,  C.  E., 

Chief  of  the  Dairy  Division . 


alifornia 

£ional 

ility 


WASH  I  NT,  TON: 
oovi--  K  \  M  !•;  NT    I-KI\TI\»;    i  >  i- i- lei-: 

I 'HIS. 


ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


Chief:  D.  E.  SALMON,  D.  V.  M. 
Assistant  chief:  A.  D.  MELVIN,  I).  V.  S. 
('hnfch'rJ::  E.  B.  JONES,  LL.  M.,  M.  D. 

Dairy  Division:  HENKY  E.  ALVORD,  C.  E.,  chief;  CLARENCE  B.  LANE,  B.  S.,  assistant 
chief. 

Inspection  Division:  A.  M.  FARRINGTON,  B.  S.,  D.  V.  M.,  chief. 

(Jinirantine  Division:  RICHARD  W.  HICKMAN,  Ph.  ('«.,  V.  M.  D.,  chief. 

Editor:  GEORGE  FAYETTE  THOMPSON,  M.  S. 

A,  -l  id:  W.  S.  D.  HAINES. 

/•'.r/irrt  in  Animal  Husbandry:  GEORGE  M.  ROMMEL,  B.  S.  A. 

Librarian:  BEATRICE  C.  OBERLY. 


LABORATORIES. 

Biochemic  Division:  E.  A.  DE  SCHWEINITZ,  Ph.  D.,  M.  D.,  chief;  MARION  DORSET, 
M.  D.,  assistant  chief. 

Pathological  Division:  JOHN  R.  MOHLER,  A.  M.,  V.  M.  D.,  chief;  HENRY  J.  WASH- 
BURN,  D.  V.  S.,  acting  assistant  chief. 

Zoological  Division:  CH.  WARDELL  STILES,  «  M.  S.,  A.  M.,  Ph.  D.,  consulting  zoologist 
in  charge. 

EXPERIMENT  STATION. 

Superintendent:  E.  C.  SCHROEDER,  M.  D.  V.  ;  expert  assistant,  W.  E.  COTTON. 


INSPECTORS   IN  CHARGE. 


Dr.  F.  \V.  Ainsworth,  Union  Stock  Yards,  Pitts- 
burg,  Pa. 

Dr.  M.  O.  Anderson,  care  Geo.  A.  Hormel  &  Co., 
Austin,  Minn. 

Dr.  Don  C.  Ayer,  Post-Office  Building,  South 
Omaha,  Nebr. 

Dr.  G.  S.  Baker,  6th  and  Townsend  sts.,  San  Fran- 
cisco, Cal. 

Dr.  L.  R.  Baker,  South  St.  Joseph,  Mo. 

Dr.  Boyd  Baldwin,  care  Cudahy  Bros.,  Cudahy, 
Wis. 

Dr.  A.  E.  Behnke,  room  434,  Federal  Building, 
Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Dr.  John  A.  Bell,  Watertown,  N.  Y. 

Dr.  S.  E.  Bennett,  Post-Office  Building,  Kansas 
City,  Mo. 

Dr.  EliL.  Bertram,  Tri-City  Packing  Co.,  Daven- 
port, Iowa. 

Dr.  Richard  J.  Blanche,  care  Brittain  &  Co.,  Mar- 
shalltown,  Iowa. 

Dr.  Fred  Braginton,  care  Continental  Packing 
Co.,  Bloomington,  111. 

Dr.  J.  J.  Brougham,  care  Missouri  Stock  Yards, 
St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Dr.  G.  W.  Butler,  care  Drummond  Bros.,  Eau 
Claire,  Wis. 

Dr.  J.  B.  Clancy,  National  Stock  Yards,  111. 

Dr.  Charles  Cowie,  Ogdensburg,  N.  Y. 

Dr.  David  Cumming,  912  Lapeer  ave.,  Port  Huron, 
Mich. 

Dr.  Robert  Darling,  care  Chas.  S.  Hardy,  San 
Diego,  Cal. 

Dr.  J.  F.  Deadman,  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  Mich. 

Mr.  Albert  Dean,  room  328,  Stock  Yard  Station, 
Kansas  Ctty.  Kans. 

Dr.  F.  L.  De  Wolf,  care  Chas.  Wolff  Packing  Co., 
Topeka,  Kans. 


Dr.  Geo.  Ditewig,  care  Union  Stock  Yards,  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio. 
Dr.  E.  P.  Dowd,  care  White,  Pevey  &  Dexter  Co., 

Worcester,  Mass. 
Dr.  O.  E.  Dyson,  316  Exchange  Building,  Union 

Stock  Yards,  Chicago,  111. 
Dr.  Geo.  C.  Faville,  Box  796,  Norfolk,  Va. 
Dr.  N.  K.  Fegley,  care  Sperry  &  Barnes,  New 

Haven,  Conn. 
Dr.  T.  A.  Geddes,  care  U.  S.  consul,   London, 

England. 
Dr.  H.  H.  George,  507  Johnson  St.,   Louisville, 

Ky. 

Dr.  W.  H.  Gibbs,  care  Morton-Gregson  Co.,  Ne- 
braska City,  Nebr. 
Dr.  L.  K.  Green,  care  Hammond,  Standish  &  Co., 

Detroit,  Mich. 

Dr.  H.  A.  Hedrick,  215  St.  Paul  St.,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Dr.  O.  B.  Hess,  care   Frye-Bruhn  Co.,  Seattle, 

Wash. 
Mr.  G.  S.  Hickox,  P.  O.  box  1145,  Salt  Lake  City, 

Utah. 

Dr.  A.  A.  Holcombe,  Aurora,  111. 
Dr.  Julius  Huelsen,  care  Jersey  City  Stock  Yards 

Co.,  Jersey  City,  N.  J.     » 

Dr.  F.  W.  Huntington,  1  India  st.,  Portland,  Me. 
Dr.  G.  A.  Johnson,   Exchange  Building,  Sioux 

City,  Iowa. 
Dr.   Charles  Keane,  care  Cudahy  Packing  Co., 

Los  Angeles,  Cal. 
Dr.  J.  S.  Kelly,  care    Blomer  &  Michael   Co., 

Quincy,  111. 

Dr.  F.  D.  Ketchum,  South  St.  Paul,  Minn. 
Dr.  W.  B.  Lincoln,  Union  Stock  Yards,  Nashville, 

Tenn. 
Dr.  C.  Loveberry,  room  402  Custom-House  (new), 

Portland,  Oreg. 


aTransferred,  August  16, 1902,  to  the  U.  S.  Public  Health  and  Marine-Hospital  Service,  as  Chief  of 
Division  of  Zoology,  but  remains  also  in  temporary  charge  of  Zoological  Division,  Bureau  of  Animal 
Industry. 

(Continued  on  third  page  of  cover.) 


U.    S.    DEPARTMENT    OF   AGRICULTURE. 

BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY— BULLETIN  No.  55. 
D.  E.  SALMON,  D.  V.  M.,  CHIEF  OF  BUREAU. 


STATISTICS  OF  THE  DAIRY 


COMPILED  FROM  THE  UNITED  STATES  CENSUS  FOR  1900, 

AND  FROM  OTHER  RELIABLE  SOURCES, 

WITH  EXPLANATORY  NOTES, 


HENRY  E.  ALVORD,  C.  E., 

Chief  of  the  Dairy  Division. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT     I'KINTINii    OFFICE. 
11)03. 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY, 

Washington,  D.  C. ,  March  1, 1903. 

SIR:  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  for  publication,  as  Bul- 
letin No.  55  of  this  Bureau,  a  compilation  by  Maj.  Henry  E.  Alvord. 
Chief  of  the  Dairy  Division,  of  the  principal  statistics  relating  to  the 
dairy  industry  of  this  and  other  countries.  The  development  and 
magnitude  of  this  branch  of  agriculture  are  thus  shown  better  than  by 
any  available  publication,  and  the  information  is  such  as  is  needed,  not 
only  by  dairymen,  but  by  the  many  other  persons  whose  business  is 
closely  related  to  the  dairy  industry. 

The  illustrations,  which  consist  of  tive  diagrams  and  four  maps,  are 
necessary  to  an  understanding  of  the  text. 

Very  respectfully,  D.  E.  SALMON, 

Chief  of  Bur  en  \i. 
Hon.  JAMES  WILSON, 

Secretary  of  Agriculture. 

Dy.— 46 


LETTER  OF  SUBMITTAL 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 
BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY,  DAIRY  DIVISION, 

Washington,  D.  C.,  February  25,  1903. 

SIR:  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  herewith  for  publication  a  compi- 
lation of  the  principal  statistics  relating  to  the  dairy  industry  in  the 
United  States,  together  with  some  similar  data  from  other  countries. 
A  part  of  the  figures  thus  brought  together  are  easily  found,  but, 
on  the  other  hand,  many  of  them  are  inaccessible  to  people  generally. 
It  is  believed  that  the  collection  as  presented  will  prove  interesting 
and  useful  to  many  persons  connected  with  dairying  and  form  a  suit- 
able complement  to  other  publications  prepared  by  this  division. 

The  tables  are  preceded  by  a  discussion  of  the  subject  and  accom- 
panied by  maps  and  diagrams  which  serve  to  illustrate  parts  of  the 
text. 

Yours,  respectfully,  HENRY  E.  ALVORD, 

Chief  of  Dairy  Division. 
Dr.  D.  E.  SALMON, 

Chief  of  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

A  statistical  review  of  the  census  returns 9 

Dairy  farms 9 

Dairy  cows  and  other  neat  cattle 10 

TABLE  I. — Dairy  cows  and  other  neat  cattle  in  the  United  States  in 

1900 12 

Purebred  cattle  and  ' '  statistics  of  quality  " 13 

Dairy  cows  on  farms  and  ranges .- 14 

Dairy  cows  not  on  farms  or  ranges 14 

Total  dairy  cows — their  distribution,  value,  and  products 16 

The  aggregate  milk  production  and  its  disposition  in  the  United  States  . .  20 
TABLE  II. — Milk  apparently  available  on  farms  and  used  or  disposed 

of,  1899 22 

TABLE  III. — Production  of  milk  on  farms  and  its  disposition,  in  part, 
in  the  United  States  and  in  selected  States,  for  1899, 

from  the  census 23 

Butter  on  farms .- 24 

TABLE  IV. — Butter  made  on  farms  and  sales  of  same,  census  of  1900.  25 

Cheese  on  farms 26 

Farm  sales  of  dairy  products 27 

Butter,  cheese,  and  condensed-milk  factories 27 

TABLE  V. — Cheese,  butter,  and  condensed-milk  factories;  number  of 
establishments    in    each  class,  classified   according  to 

products,  by  States  and  Territories,  1900 28 

The  associated  system  of  dairying 29 

TABLE  VI. — Number  of  cheese  factories  established  in  the  State  of 

New  York  annually,  1854-1866 30 

Average  product  of  factories 32 

Creameries  and  their  products 33 

Creamery  materials  and  equipment 34 

Creamery  products 35 

Butter  prices 36 

Richness  of  milk,  or  butter  ratio 36 

Cream  sales 37 

Skim  milk 37 

Dried  casein 38 

Cheese  factories  and  their  products 38 

Whey 39 

Milk  condenseries  and  their  products 39 

Milk  prices 41 

Aggregate  production  of  butter  and  cheese 41 

Aggregate  value  of  the  dairy  products  of  the  United  States  for  1900 43 

The  leading  dairy  States  of  the  Union 44 

5 


6  CONTENTS. 

A  statistical  review  of  the  census  returns — Continued.  Page. 

Imports  and  exports  of  dairy  products 45 

TABLE    VII. —  Imports  and  exports  of  butter  by  the  United  States ...         45 

TABLE  VIII. — Imports  and  export*  of  cheese  by  the  United  States 46 

TABLE      IX. — Imports  and  exports  of  condensed  milk 46 

Consumption  of  dairy  products  in  the  United  States 46 

Average  estimated  consumption  of  milk  per  day  per  capita 47 

Estimate  of  dairy  cows  and  dairy  products  in  the  United  States,  1903 48 

General  agricultural  statistics 49 

TABLE  X. — Farm  and  dairy  statistics  of  the  United  States 49 

TABLE         XI. — Dairy  statistics  by  States 50 

TABLE       XII. — Progress  of  dairying  in  the  United  States 52 

TABLE     XIII.— Dairying  in  the  United  States  for  1900 59 

TABLE     XIV. — Butter,  cheese,  and  condensed-milk  factories,  including 

all  "  creameries"  and  urban  dairy  establishments 60 

TABLE  XV. — Number  and  value  of  milch  cows  in  the  United  States, 
and  of  other  farm  animals,  yearly,  1870  to  1900,  inclu- 
sive, with  a  few  earlier  years 62 

TABLE     XVI. — Farm  statistics  by  States 63 

•TABLE    XVII. — Population  and  number  of  cows  per  square  mile  of  land 

surface  in  each  State  and  Territory  in  1900 64 

TABLE  XVIII. — Pounds  of  cheese  and  butter  produced  per  square  mile  of 

land  surface  in  each  State  and  Territory  in  1900 65 

TABLE  XIX. — Rank  of  each  State  and  Territory  in  regard  to  land  area, 
population,  persons  in  agriculture,  number  of  cows, 
milk  produced,  butter  produced,  cheese  produced,  per- 
sons per  square  mile,  cows  per  square  mile,  butter  per 

square  mile,  and  cheese  per  square  mile 65 

TABLE       XX. — Average  value  of  a  cow  in  the  United  States  for  the  years 

stated 67 

TABLE     XXI. — Registered  or  pedigreed  cattle  of  selected  breeds  in  the 
United  States  and  their  values  (estimates  furnished  by 
the  secretaries  of  the  respective  breeders'  associations) .         67 
TABLE   XXII. — Growth  of  the  factory  system  in  the  United  States;  States, 

years,  and  number  of  factories,  from  various  sources  . .         68 
Dairy  statistics  later  than  1900  relating  to  several  States  (submitted  by  various 

State  authorities),  accompanied  by  four  dairy  maps  of  States 69 

Statistics  of  cattle,  cows,  and  dairy  products  of  foreign  countries 75 

TABLE  XXIII. — Cows  and  cattle  of  foreign  countries  for  stated  years 75 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Facing  page. 
PLATE  I.  Diagram  showing  number  and  distribution  of  milch  cows  in  the 

United  States,  1900 48 

II.  Diagram  showing  cheese  and  butter  production;  six  census  years 48 

III.  Diagram  showing  total  cheese  and  butter  production  of  the  United 
States  in  1900,  by  States  and  Territories,  arranged  according  to 

rank 48 

IV.  Diagram  showing  density  of  associated  dairying  in  the  United  States, 

1900 04 

V.  Diagram  showing  butter  quotations  in  New  York  and  London 64 

VI.  Map  of  Indiana,  with  location  of  creameries 7'2 

VII.  Map  of  Iowa,  with  location  of  creameries 7'2 

VIII.  Map  of  New  York,  with  location  of  creameries 7'2 

IX.  Map  of  Ohio,  with  location  of  creameries 72 


STATISTICS  OF  THE   DAIRY. 


By  HENRY  E.  ALVORD,  C.  E., 
Chief  of  Dairy  Division,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 


A  STATISTICAL  REVIEW  OP  THE  CENSUS  RETURNS. 

The  latest  available  statistics  of  the  dairy  industry  in  the  United 
States,  considered  as  a  whole,  are  mainly  included  in  the  Twelfth  Cen- 
sus. For  a  comprehensive  study  of  the  subject  one  must  bring  to- 
gether some  tables  in  the  volume  for  agriculture  and  others  from  that 
for  manufactures.  Unless  acquainted  with  the  matter,  there  is  the 
liability  of  omitting  items  of  importance.  There  are,  in  addition, 
some  reliable  and  interesting  data  more  recent  than  the  United  States 
Census,  obtainable  from  State  authorities,  although  relating  to  a 
comparatively  few  States;  and  there  is  also  statistical  information 
concerning  the  dairy  in  foreign  countries  which  has  some  influence 
.ipon  the  industry  in  the  United  States  and  which  is  useful  for  purposes 
of  comparison. 

All  of  these  statistical  data  have  been  brought  together  and  will  be 
found  in  the  following  pages,  arranged  in  a  manner  convenient  for 
practical  use.  The  figures  for  earlier  decades  are  given  in  connection 
with  the  latest,  and  some  general  farm  statistics  are  added  which  have 
a  bearing  upon  the  dairy  industry  or  show  its  position  with  relation  to 
other  branches  of  agriculture. 

It  should  be  noted  that  in  census  statistics  all  enumerations  of  per- 
sons, farms,  animals,  etc.,  are  for  June  of  the  year  stated,  while  the 
figures  for  products  of  all  kinds,  although  often  mentioned  in  the 
same  connection  and  sometimes  as  being  for  the  same  year,  actually 
represent  the  returns  for  the  agricultural  year  next  preceding. 

DAIRY    FARMS. 

The  Twelfth  Census  reports  that  in  the  year  1900  there  were 
5,739,657  farms  in  the  United  States,  and  of  these  4,514,210  had  dairy 
cows.  Where  a  farm  was  found  upon  which  at  least  40  per  cent  of  the 
value  of  annual  products  was  from  dairy  products,  it  was  classified  as 
a  dairy  farm.  Of  theM»  there  were  357,578.  or  0.2  per  cent,  of  the  total 

9 


10  BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 

number,  and  the  average  size  of  these  dairy  farms  -was  121  acres. 
One-sixth  of  the  number  ranged  from  20  to  50  acres;  one-fourth  of 
all,  50  to  100  acres;  and  rather  more  than  one-fourth,  100  to  175  acres. 
There  were  174,910  "dairy  farms"  in  the  North  Atlantic  States; 
108,403  in  the  North  Central  Division;  34,940  in  the  South  Central; 
27,620  in  the  Western;  11,671  in  the  South  Atlantic  Division,  and  34 
in  Alaska  and  Hawaii. 

DAIRY  COWS  AND  OTHER  NEAT  CATTLE. 

All  dain^  statistics  must  be  based  upon  the  number  of  cows  con- 
tributing to  the  milk  supply.  The  activity  of  dairying  and  the  com- 
parative importance  of  the  industry  in  any  country  can  be  primarily 
determined  by  the  ratio  which  the  number  of  dairy  cows  owned  bears 
to  the  total  of  other  neat  cattle.  But  the  reliability  of  this  test 
depends  upon  the  accuracy  with  which  the  different  kinds  of  cattle 
have  been  enumerated  and  classified.  The  next  significant  indication 
is  the  ratio  of  cows  to  inhabitants.  The  "  milch  cows"  of  the  United 
States  were  first  counted  by  the  Sixth  Census  (1840)  and  reported 
as  being  4,837,043  in  number,  or  283  for  every  1,000  of  the  popula- 
tion. The  enumeration  has  been  made  decennially  since  that  time, 
with  probable  varying  degrees  of  accuracy.  The  ratio  of  cows  to 
1,000  people  has  appeared  to  be  fairly  constant,  as  follows:  In  1840, 
283;  1850,  275;  1860,  273;  1870,  232;  1880,  248;  1890,  264;  1900,  237; 
average  of  the  ratios,  259. 

The  variations  are  easily  accounted  for.  The  sudden  decrease  from 
1860  to  1870  resulted  from  losses  incident  to  the  Civil  War,  and  it 
required  another  decade  to  restore  the  normal  ratio.  The  ratios  in 
1890  and  1900,  when  compared  with  those  of  1850  and  1860,  signify 
improved  productiveness  of  the  average  cow,  especially  so  as  there 
is  reason  to  regard  the  number  for  1880  as  too  great;  and  explanations 
which  soon  follow  indicate  that  the  same  applies  to  1890.  The  average 
of  the  stated  ratios  for  sixty  years  (259  cows)  is  therefore  probably  too 
large.  Past  errors  in  this  matter  have  been  mainly  due  to  the  uncer- 
tainty of  deciding  what  was  a  "  milch  cow."  This  term  has  been  too 
broad  and  indefinite,  and  has  led  to  including  many  under  this  head 
which  were  in  no  sense  dairy  animals.  It  is  easiljT  understood  that 
the  average  dairy  COWT  of  the  country  has  been  steadily  gaining  in 
yield  of  milk,  and,  although  the  consumption  of  dairy  products  per 
capita  has  doubtless  somewhat  increased  also,  it  nevertheless  requires 
a  less  number  of  cows  to  supply  a  thousand  people  now  than  was  neces- 
sary thirty,  forty,  or  fifty  years  ago. 

The  enumeration  of  cows  for  the  Twelfth  Census  has  been  made 
with  greater  care  than  ever  before.  The  farm  schedule  called  for 
"cows  kept  for  milk,"  and  it  is  believed  that  this  secured  practically 
all  animals  on  farms  that  could  fairly  be  regarded  as  dairy  cows  and 


STATISTICS    OF   THE    DAIRY.  11 

excluded  those  properly  belonging  in  other  classes.  The  result  was 
that  17,139,674  cows  over  2  years  old  were  reported  as  kept  for  milk 
on  4,514,210  different  farms.  (It  is  interesting  to  note  that  1,225,447 
census  "farms,"  or  over  21  per  cent  of  the  total  number,  reported  no 
cows  kept  for  milk.)  The  cows  not  on  farms  or  ranges,  or  what  may  be 
called  the  "  town  cows,"  were  counted  in  1900  for  the  first  time  and, 
surprisingly,  found  to  number  973,033,  or  5£  per  cent  of  our  entire 
milking  stock.  The  whole  number  of  what  may  be  considered  dairy 
cows  in  the  year  1900  was  therefore  18,112,707.  This  is  believed  to 
be  more  nearly  accurate  than  an}T  previous  enumeration  of  this  class 
of  animals  in  the  United  States.  There  are  numerous  pieces  of  exter- 
nal evidence,  which  can  not  be  quoted  here,  which  support  the  census 
results  in  this  particular.  (And  }Tet  the  census  authorities  believe  that 
a  considerable  number  of  cows  escaped  the  count.)  These  figures 
should  be  accepted  as  the  basis  of  all  other  dairy  statistics  until 
replaced  by  later  and  equalh"  satisfactory  data. 

The  probable  error  in  accepting  as  actual  daily  cows  the  number  of 
"•milch  cows"  reported  by  the  census  of  1890  may  be  shown  by  a  few 
examples:  It  is  known  to  be  a  fact  that  the  dairy  cows  form  at  the 
present  time  a  larger  proportion  of  the  total  cattle  owned,  in  most  of 
the  States,  than  was  the  case  ten  or  twent}T  }-ears  ago.  This  is  especially 
true  throughout  the  East,  where  dairy  cows  have  notably  increased  and 
other  cattle  have  diminished.  But  the  tables  of  the  census  for  1890 
show  the  milch  cows  to  be  a  greater  percentage  of  the  total  cattle  in  all  of 
the  New  England  and  Middle  States,  New  Hampshire  alone  excepted, 
than  the  dairy  cows  are  shown  to  be  by  the  census  of  1900.  In  Mas- 
sachusetts the  milch  cows  constituted  67  per  cent  of  the  total  cattle  in 
1890,  and  the  "cows  kept  for  milk"  were  onhr  65  per  cent  of  the  total 
cattle  in  1900;  yet  authorities  agree  that  the  daily  cows  of  that  State 
have  increased  in  both  actual  number  and  proportion.  For  New  York 
these  percentages  are  68  for  1890  and  58  for  1900;  in  New  Jersey,  76 
and  66,  respectively.  The  comparison  is  more  striking,  however,  in 
States  known  to  have  large  numbers  of  beef  cattle.  In  the  two 
Dakotas  the  milch  cows  in  1890  were  reported  as  31  per  cent  of  the 
total  cattle,  but  in  1900  the  cows  kept  for  milk  were  found  to  be  18  per 
cent  only  of  all  cattle.  In  Florida  these  percentages  were,  respec- 
tively, 23  and  10;  in  Colorado,  17  and  7;  and  in  Texas,  16  and  9.  Texas 
had  1,000,439  milch  cows  in  1890,  according  to  the  census  of  that  year, 
whereas  only  861,023  were  enumerated  in  1900;  yet  the  milk  product 
of  the  State  is  reported  as  more  than  doubled  during  the  decade,  and 
it  is  a  commonly  known  fact  that  the  dairy  cows  of  Texas  have 
increased  greatly  in  late  years;  the  only  explanation  is  that  probably 
thousands  of  Texan  breeding  cattle  were  erroneously  classed  as  milch 
cows  in  the  Eleventh  Census.  Taking  the  totals  for  the  United  States 
for  like  comparison,  the  animals  re|>orted  as  milch  cows  in  1890 


12 


BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 


constituted  32.15  per  cent  of  the  total  cattle  on  farms  and  ranges,  while 
in  1900,  when  we  have  ample  reason  for  believing  the  actual  percentage 
of  dairy  cows  to  be  greater,  the  "  cows  kept  for  milk"  constitute  25.27 
per  cent  of  all  cattle  on  farms  and  ranges  and  only  26.08  per  cent  of 
total  cattle  in  all  inclosures. 

These  evidences  of  error  in  the  enumeration  of  dairy  cows  for  1890 
render  quite  unreliable  the  total  number  as  then  reported.  The  thou- 
sands of  cows  belonging  to  the  beef  classes  that  were  counted  as  dairy 
animals  were  in  some  measure  offset  by  the  thousands  of  town  cows 
and  others  not  on  farms,  and  so  not  counted  at  all.  But  both  of  these 
factors  are  too  uncertain  to  estimate. 

It  is  useless,  therefore,  to  make  any  further  close  comparison  of  the 
cattle  statistics  of  the  Twelfth  Census  with  those  of  the  Eleventh, 
although  the  figures  for  both  are  placed  in  the  tables  on  later  pages. 

The  classification  for  1900  not  only  succeeded  better  in  separating 
the  real  milch  cows  from  "other  cattle,"  but  enumerated  the  latter  in 
seven  classes,  by  age  and  sex,  as  follows:  (1)  Cows  and  heifers  not 
kept  for  milk,  2  years  old  and  over;  (2)  heifers  1  and  under  2  years; 
(3)  calves  under  1  year;  (4)  steers  1  and  under  2  years;  (5)  steers  2 
and  under  3  years;  (6)  steers  3  years  and  over;  (7)  bulls  1  year  and 
over.  The  three  classes  first  named  and  the  last  included  animals  of 
dairy  breeding,  and  the  cattle  classes  were  completed  by  (8)  "cows 
kept  for  milk,  2  years  old  and  over." 

The  following  summary  of  all  cattle  is  arranged  from  the  dairy 
standpoint: 

TABLE  I. — Dairy  cows  and  other  neat  cattle  in  the  United  States  in  1900. 


Classes. 

Number  on 
farms  or 
ranges. 

Number  not 
on  farms  or 
ranges. 

Total. 

Cows  kept  for  milk 

17  139  674 

973  033 

18  112  707 

Cows  not  kept  for  milk 

11  592  142 

75  767 

11  667  909 

Heifers  (yearlings)                        

7  183  916 

79  517 

7  263  433 

Calves  steers  and  bulls                            .  . 

31  906  604 

488  105 

32  394  709 

Aggregate 

67  822  336 

1  616  4^ 

69  438  758 

There  were  thus  37,044,049  cows  and  heifers  of  all  kinds  1  year 
old  and  over  in  this  country  at  the  last  enumeration,  and  48.9  per  cent 
of  this  number  was  dairy  cows  already  "in  profit"  "kept  for  milk." 
Of  all  the  cows  2  years  old  and  over,  100  appear  to  have  been  for 
dairy  purposes  for  every  64  kept  for  breeding  and  beef. 

The  geographical  distribution  of  the  dairy  industry  is  indicated  by 
these  ratios:  In  the  North  Atlantic  States  there  were  780  dairy  cows 
to  48  other  cows,  or  16  to  1;  in  the  South  Central  Division,  326  dairy 
cows  to  490  cows  for  breeding  and  beef,  or  1  to  1.5;  and  in  the  West- 
ern Division,  only  207  dairy  cows  to  603  others,  or  1  to  3.  "Of  the 


STATISTICS    OF   THE    DAIRY.  13 

> 

37,044,049  cows  and  heifers  over  1  year  old,  15,580,120,  or  42.1  per 
cent,  were  found  in  the  North  Central  Division  (of  States);  9,504,190, 
or  25.7  per  cent,  in  the  South  Central;  4,698,061,  or  12.7  per  cent,  in 
the  North  Atlantic;  4,649,595,  or  12.6  per  cent,  in  the  Western; 
2,565,661,  or  6.9  per  cent,  in  the  South  Atlantic  Division;  and  46,422, 
or  0.1  per  cent,  in  Hawaii  and  Alaska."  For  every  farm  reporting, 
there  were  14.3  head  of  neat  cattle  of  all  classes  and  3.6  cows  kept  for 
milk. 

The  census  for  1900  reports  the  aggregate  value  of  neat  cattle  in  the 
country  as  $1,517,602,351,  rather  more  than  one-third  of  which  is 
assigned  to  the  dairy  cows. 

PUREBRED   CATTLE   AND    "STATISTICS   OF   QUALITY." 

The  following  quotations  are  from  the  general  discussion  of  neat 
cattle  in  the  first  agricultural  volume  of  the  census  of  1900: 

The  Twelfth  Census  endeavored  to  secure  statistics  of  the  number  of  pure-blooded 
cattle  and  the  number  of  those  of  special  breeds.  The  attempt,  so  far  as  it  depended 
upon  the  reports  of  the  enumerators,  was  not  successful. 

Some  attention  has  been  given  to  breeding  cows  for  dairy  purposes  only,  and  with 
this  object  in  view  importations  have  been  made  of  the  Jerseys  and  Alderneys. 
There  are  now  many  fine  herds  of  both  breeds.  As  the  great  majority  of  American 
fanners  keep  cattle  for  beef  as  well  as  for  milk,  they  prefer  the  Herefords  and  Polled 
Angus,  which  are  valuable  for  both  purposes. 

A  statement  is  made  later  that,  based  upon  correspondence,  the 
census  authorities  estimated  that  in  1900  there  were  700,000  "pure- 
blocds  of  all  kinds  "  among  the  cattle  of  the  United  States,  or  about  1 
per  cent  of  the  total  number.  The  Eleventh  Census  did  more  work  in 
this  respect.  Under  the  title,  "Statistics  of  quality,"  it  was  reported 
that  in  the  year  1890,  taking  the  country  as  a  whole,  0.99  per  cent  of 
neat  cattle  on  farms  were  purebred,  and  16.08  per  cent  were  grades 
having  one-half  or  more  of  improved  blood.  This  left  82.93  per  cent 
of  common,  or  native,  stock,  including  grades  less  than  one-half  pure- 
blood.  In  the  North  Atlantic  States  there  were  then  1.77  per  cent  of 
purebred  cattle;  in  the  North  Central  Division,  1.21  per  cent;  in  the 
South  Atlantic,  0.73  per  cent;  in  the  South  Central,  0.46  per  cent; 
and  in  the  Western  Division,  0.52  per  cent  of  the  purebred.  The 
highest  percentage  of  grades  was  then  reported  in  the  North  Central 
Division,  being  22.21,  or  a  total  of  23.42  per  cent  of  all  the  cattle  having 
one-half  or  more  of  improved  blood. 

Assuming  these  last  returns  to  have  been  reasonably  correct,  there 
must  be  now  much  more  than  1  per  cent  of  the  neat  cattle  of  the  coun- 
try of  the  different  pure  breeds.  In  a  recent  review  of  this  subject 
the  writer  estimated  that,  so  far  as  the  dairy  cattle  of  the  country  arc 
concerned,  alxmt  2  per  cent  are  now  purebred  and  nearly  if  not  quite 
half  of  all  the  cows  are  of  improved  blood. 


14  BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 

DAIRY    COWS   OX    FARMS    AND    RANGES. 

The  Twelfth  Census  applies  this  term  to  all  "cows  kept  for  milk  2 
years  old  or  over."  Of  the  total  number,  already  given  as  17,139,674, 
nearly  one-half,  or  49.5  per  cent,  were  found  in  the  North  Central 
Division  of  States.  In  the  North  Atlantic  Division  there  were  20.4 
per  cent;  in  the  South  Central,  Iti. 9  per  cent;  in  the  South  Atlantic, 
8.1  per  cent;  and  in  the  Western  Division,  5.1  per  cent  of  the  total. 

The  distribution  of  these  cows  upon  farms  (4,514,210)  classified  by 
tenure  of  the  farms  was  as  follows:  On  farms  of  owners,  10,459,262; 
part  owners,  1,734, 048;  owners  and  tenants,  207,162;  managers, 
295,794;  cash  tenants,  1,828,713,  and  share  tenants,  2,619,095.  There 
were  579,908  dairy  cows  upon  348,970  farms  of  colored  farmers.  As 
to  distribution  on  farms  of  specified  areas  there  was  an  average  of  170 
cows  to  every  100  farms  of  3  to  20  acres  in  area,  and  this  average 
gradually  increased,  with  much  regularity  through  succeeding  groups, 
to  950  cows  for  every  100  farms  of  more  than  1,000  acres  each. 

The  foregoing  statistics  indicate  the  character  of  the  distribution  of 
the  dairy  industry  in  this  country,  geographically  and  otherwise. 
The  census  gives  tables  of  the  number  of  daily  cows  on  farms  in  the 
several  States  and  Territories,  and  also  by  counties  therein.  The  ten 
most  important  dairy  States  rated  by  the  number  of  cows  on  farms, 
June  1, 1900,  were  the  following:  New  York,  1,501,608;  lowa,l,423,648; 
Illinois,  1,007,664;  Wisconsin,  998,397;  Pennsylvania,  943,773;  Texas, 
861,023;  Ohio,  818,239;  Missouri,  765,386;  Minnesota,  753,632,  and 
Kansas,  676,456.  The  only  other  States  having  more  than  half  a  mil- 
lion daily  cows  on  farms  were  Michigan  and  Nebraska. 

DAIRY    COWS    NOT   ON    FARMS   OR    RANGES. 

As  stated  already,  this  enumeration  was  made  for  the  first  time  in 
the  }Tear  1900.  All  domestic  animals  in  inclosures  but  not  on  farms 
or  ranges  were  included.  There  were  801,817  different  "inclosures" 
reporting  cattle,  and  it  is  estimated  that  775,000  of  these  contained 
dairy  cows,  which  were  found  to  be  973,033  in  number.  None  of  the 
large  dairy  herds  or  stables  of  cities  and  towns  were  included,  hew- 
ever,  because  wherever  3  or  more  cows  were  reported  in  one  place  the 
matter  was  specially  investigated;  and,  if  it  was  found  that  the  animals 
required  the  constant  services  of  one  or  more  persons,  the  establish- 
ment was  treated  as  a  farm.  The  cows  of  city  dairies  in  general  are 
therefore  included  among  those  tabulated  as  on  farms.  Consequently 
the  cows  in  this  "  not-on-f arms "  class  were  almost  all  those  of  owners 
who  kept  1,  2,  or  3,  and  primarily,  in  most  cases,  for  their  own  use. 
They  were  located,  as  a  rule,  in  villages,  small  towns,  and  the  suburbs 
of  larger  places  rather  than  in  cities.  They  may  be  appropriately 


STATISTICS    OF   THE    DAIRY.  15 

called  "town  cows"  as  distinct  from  farm  cows,  and  they  constitute  5.4 
per  cent  of  all  the  milking  stock  of  the  country. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  cows  of  this  class  were  not  found 
in  greatest  numbers  coincident  with  the  most  dense  population.  Thus 
nearly  one-half  of  all  (45  per  cent)  were  in  the  North  Central  division 
of  States,  21  per  cent  in  the  South  Central,  17.4  per  cent  in  the  North 
Atlantic,  9.6  per  cent  in  the  South  Atlantic,  and  7  per  cent  in  the 
Western.  This  distribution  follows  very  closely  that  of  cows  on 
farms.  The  Twelfth  Census  gives  tables  showing  the  whole  number 
of  dairy  cows  found  in  160  named  cities  of  over  25,000  inhabitants, 
and  the  number  of  such  cows  to  1,000  inhabitants  in  each  of  the  same 
cities.  From  these  tables  it  appears  that  in  43  cities  of  100,000  or 
more  inhabitants  each  there  were  88,600  daily  cows;  in  40  cities  of 
50,000  or  more  inhabitants,  26,978  cows;  and  in  83  cities  of  over 
25,000  and  less  than  50,000  inhabitants,  41,152  cows.  There  were 
thus  a  much  greater  proportion  of  town  cows  in  the  smaller  cities. 
In  the  166  cities  named,  containing  a  total  population  of  about 
20,000,000,  there  were  156,730  dairy  cows  over  2  years  old,  but  of 
this  number  90,146  were  tabulated  as  "on  farms,"  according  to  the 
plan  adopted,  leaving  only  66,584  of  scattered  ownership,  or  "  not  on 
farms."  Less  than  7  per  cent  of  the  town  cows  was  therefore  located 
in  cities  of  more  than  25,000  inhabitants.  It  is  thereby  again  shown 
that  these  cows  were  nearly  all  kept  in  the  smaller  municipalities  and 
in  semirural  communities. 

The  States  having  the  greatest  number  of  town  cows  were  Pennsyl- 
vania, 78,301;  Texas,  63,876;  Illinois,  56,827;  Iowa,  56,028;  Ohio, 
50,593;  and  Missouri,  49,192.  The  States  of  Michigan,  Kansas,  Indi- 
ana, New  York,  Minnesota,  and  Wisconsin  each  had  between  34,000 
and  40,000  of  this  class  of  animals. 

Greater  New  York  kept  11,577  cows  within  its  limits  in  1900,  and 
other  cities  as  follows:  St.  Louis,  9,481;  New  Orleans,  6,340;  Chicago, 
5,901;  Philadelphia,  4,981.  The  only  others  having  as  manjT  as  4,000 
were  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis.  Of  the  other  large  cities,  Baltimore 
reported  1,600  and  Boston  1,151. 

The  cities  having  the  greatest  number  of  daily  cows  to  100,000 
inhabitants  (or  in  that  proportion)  were  as  follows:  Sioux  City,  Iowa, 
6,850  (or,  actually,  2,268  cows  to  33,111  people);  Council  Bluffs,  Iowa, 
5,05X;  Dos  Moines,  Iowa,  4,45X;  and  Superior,  Wis.,  4,053.  The 
cities  of  Newton,  Mass.;  Fort  Worth  and  Dallas.  Tex.:  Joplin,  Mo.; 
Haverhill  and  Taunton,  Mass.:  Topeka.  Kans. :  Little  Hock,  Ark.; 
Montgomery,  Ala.;  and  Lincoln,  Nebr.,  had,  in  the  order  named, 
from  3,6<M)  to  3,0<»0  cows  to  1<>0,OOO  inhabitants,  or  at  that  rate. 
Among  the  great  cities,  the  highest  rate  was  1.64s  in  St.  Louis  and 
the  lowest  was  205  in  Boston.  In  New  York,  Chicago,  Philadelphia, 


16  BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 

and  Baltimore  the  rate  was  between  300  and  400  dairy  cows  to  100,000 
population. 

The  value  of  these  town  cows  is  not  given  in  the  census,  nor  the 
quantity  and  value  of  their  products;  hut  there  can  be  no  doubt  that 
the  cows  of  this  class  were  of  decidedly  better  quality  and  higher 
value  than  the  average  dairy  cows  on  farms,  and  their  products  were 
correspondingly  greater. 

TOTAL    DAIRY   COWS — THEIR    DISTRIBUTION,    VALUE,    AND   PRODUCTS. 

The  total  number  of  dairy  cows  in  the  several  States  and  Territo- 
ries, including  those  on  farms  and  ranges  and  also  those  in  barns  and 
inclosures  elsewhere,  will  be  found  in  Table  XIII,  page  50.  The 
position  of  the  States  as  to  total  number  of  daiiy  cows  "in  all  inclos- 
ures" is  practically  the  same  as  already  stated  for  cows  on  farms. 
The  only  ones  having  over  1,000,000  cows  kept  for  milk  are  New 
York,  Iowa,  Illinois,  and  Wisconsin. 

The  total  number  of  cows  in  a  State  does  not,  however,  give  as 
good  an  idea  of  the  prominence  of  dairy  interest  as  the  density  of  the 
cow  population  (so  to  speak)  and  its  relation  to  the  number  of  inhabi- 
tants. New  York  stands  first  in  this  respect  also,  having  32.30  cows 
per  square  mile  of  land  area,  and  in  this  State  are  three  counties  where 
the  cows  considerably  exceed  the  people  in  number  :  Delaware  County 
has  76,384  dairy  cows,  or  1,64(3  per  1,000  inhabitants  ;  Chenango 
Count}'  has  53,751  cows,  or  1,470  per  1,000  inhabitants;  and  St. 
Lawrence  Count}*  has  105,440  cows  (the  greatest  number  of  an}'  county 
in  the  Union),  or  1.184  per  1,000  of  its  population.  The  compara- 
tively small  State  of  Vermont  comes  next  in  number  of  cows  per 
square  mile,  with  30.28,  and  there  are  also  three  counties  in  this 
State — Addison,  Franklin,  and  Orleans — having  from  1,100  to  1,250 
cows  to  every  1,000  inhabitants.  Connecticut  comes  next  with  27.35 
cows  per  square  mile;  then  Iowa  with  26.67  cows  per  square  mile,  and 
the  counties  of  Delaware,  Jones,  and  Kossuth,  with  24,000  to  26,000 
cows  each,  being  1,100  to  almost  1,400  per  1,000  inhabitants.  Other 
States  having  more  than  20  dairy  cows  per  square  mile  are  the  follow- 
ing: Massachusetts,  24.81:  Rhode  Island,  23.77;  Pennsylvania,  22.72; 
New  Jersey,  22.30;  Ohio,  21.32.  Five  other  States  have  over  15  cows 
per  square  mile.  In  ten  other  counties  of  the  Union  the  dairy  cows 
exceed  the  population,  six  of  these  being  in  Wisconsin,  two  in  Minne- 
sota, and  one  each  in  Illinois  and  Ohio.  McHcnry  County,  111., 
exceeds  all  others  in  this  particular,  having  51,419  dairy  cows,  and 
the  remarkable  ratio  of  1,728  cows  to  1,000  inhabitants. 

The  enumeration  of  all  cattle  by  classes  of  age,  sex,  and  utility,  as 
described,  enabled  an  estimate  to  be  made  of  the  average  longevity  of 
cows.  The  census  considers  a  little  less  than  7  years  to  be  the  life  of 
dairy  cows,  approximately,  in  the  North  Atlantic  States,  giving  not 
quite  5  years  as  the  average  period  of  profit.  In  the  other  geographic 


STATISTICS    OF    THE    DAIRY.  17 

divisions  of  the  country  these  averages  appear  to  be  nearlv  one  year 
less. 

The  Twelfth  Census  places  the  average  value  of  the  dairy  cows 
in  the  United  States  in  1900  at  $29.68.  This  makes  the  total  value 
$537,^24,750.  The  highest  value  per  head,  $35.43,  is  assigned  to  the 
Western  Division,  and  the  lowest,  or  $21.97,  to  the  South  Atlantic 
Division.  But  in  this  estimate  the  town  cows  are  rated  no  higher 
than  those  on  farms.  This  is  believed  to  be  an  undervaluation  for 
cows  in  that  class,  so  that  the  average  for  the  year  1900  can  safely  be 
placed  at  something  over  $30  per  head. 

Although,  for  the  reasons  stated,  close  comparisons  should  not  be 
made  between  the  dairy  statistics  of  the  Twelfth  Census  and  those  pre- 
ceding, it  is  convenient  to  do  so,  in  a  general  wajT,  in  some  instances. 
An  increase  of  about  1,500,000  cows  seems  to  have  occurred  in  the 
United  States  during  the  last  decade,  and  this  increase  appears  to  have 
been  quite  evenly  distributed  over  the  country.  Gains  have  occurred 
in  all  the  five  divisions  in  which  the  States  are  grouped  for  census 
purposes,  but  none  especially  marked,  although  the  greatest  has  been 
in  the  eleven  States  of  the  Western  division.  The  next  largest 
increase  is  in  the  North  Atlantic  division,  where  demand  for  the  com- 
bined dairy  products  greatly  exceeds  local  production.  In  every  one 
of  the  nine  North  Atlantic  States,  excepting  perhaps  New  Jersey, 
there  are  more  cows  kept  for  milk  than  ever  before.  The  increase  in 
Vermont  is  believed  to  have  been  20  per  cent. 

Comparisons  between  the  dairy  products  reported  by  the  Twelfth 
Census  and  the  Eleventh  should  also  be  made  with  large  allowances, 
if  at  all.  There  can  be  no  doubt,  however,  of  the  material  improve- 
ment in  the  dairy  quality  of  cows  kept  for  milk,  and  consequently  in 
proportional  aggregate  production.  The  Eleventh  Census  gave  the 
average  annual  milk  product  per  cow  as  315.4  gallons,  the  Twelfth 
Census  reports  the  product  as  424  gallons.  This  very  remarkable 
gain  is  apparent  rather  than  real.  The  average  yield  of  milk  per  cow 
in  1890  must  have  been  considerably  greater  than  reported  (so  many 
animals  were  counted  as  milch  cows  which  actually  contributed 
nothing  to  the  milk  supply),  and  it  seems  certain  that  the  figures  for 
1900  are  too  high. 

Whatever  the  latter  error  may  be,  it  is  doubtless  distributed  quite 
evenly,  so  that  the  average  annual  yield  per  cow  as  given  in  the  agri- 
cultural returns  of  the  last  census  for  different  purts  of  the  country 
are  comparable.  These  show  the  relative  productiveness  of  the  cows 
in  different  sections  in  a  very  striking  manner.  The  average  for  the 
cows  of  the  North  Atlantic  States  is  given  as  523  gallons;  for  the 
North  Central  Division,  425  gallons;  for  the  Western  Division,  41s  gal- 
lons; for  the  South  Atlantic  Division  (nine  States)  35<J  gallons,  and 
for  the  South  Central  Division  (eight  States).  :M»  gallons.  The  highest 
14X18 -No.  55—04 2 


18  BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 

annual  3Tield  returned  is  from  the  1,251  cows  on  the  169  "farms"  in 
the  District  of  Columbia,  being  680  gallons  per  cow.  The  States 
showing  the  best  returns  per  cow  are  the  following:  Maine,  574  gal- 
lons; Massachusetts,  572;  Rhode  Island,  546;  Connecticut,  545;  New 
Hampshire,  528;  Vermont,  526;  Ohio,  520;  Pennsylvania,  516,  and 
New  York,  515.  Among  the  big  dairy  States  of  the  North  Central 
Division,  the  average  yield  in  Wisconsin  is  placed  at  473  gallons;  in 
Illinois,  454;  in  Minnesota,  403,  and  in  Iowa,  376.  One  of  the  great- 
est contrasts  in  this  particular  is  shown  by  two  States  having  a  nearly 
equal  number  of  cows:  Arkansas  has  312,577  cows  on  farms,  averag- 
ing 351  gallons  of  milk  and  returning  a  total  farm  value  for  its  dairy 
products  of  $6,912,459.  California  has  307,245  cows  on  farms,  averag- 
ing 500  gallons  of  milk,  and  its  total  daily  products  were  valued  at 
$12,128,471,  or  nearly  twice  as  much  as  the  other  State,  although  the 
latter  had  5,332  more  cows. 

The  figures  in  the  last  paragraph  are  taken  from  those  showing  the 
total  milk  produced  on  4,514,210  farms,  according  to  the  tables  of  the 
Twelfth  Census.  The  "town  cows*'  are  not  taken  into  consideration 
here.  Relatively,  the  rates  of  production  appear  to  be  very  nearl}r 
correct,  although  some  errors  are  evident.  New  York  is  unquestion- 
ably too  low;  it  should  rank  with  the  New  England  States  in  milk 
yield  per  cow.  The  Ohio  average  can  not  actually  be  higher  than 
that  of  Illinois  and  is  probably  lower.  Minnesota  should  stand  next 
to  Wisconsin.  The  evidence  is  abundant  in  support  of  these  changes, 
although  it  can  not  be  given  here.  But  nearly  all  these  census  aver- 
ages of  yield  per  cow  for  farm  cows  are  believed  to  be  somewhat  too 
large.  The}T  are  not  sustained  by  the  other  dairy  statistics  of  the  cen- 
sus nor  by  the  numerous  disconnected  pieces  of  evidence  which  are 
available  for  verifying  or  testing  the  census  returns.  Instead  of  424 
gallons,  as  shown  by  the  census,  it  is  believed  to  be  much  nearer  the 
truth  to  place  the  average  annual  yield  of  milk  at  3,600  pounds  per 
cow,  which  is  a  little  over  418  gallons.  This  seems  an  immaterial 
reduction,  but  it  makes  quite  a  difference  in  the  aggregate  production 
for  the  17,000,000  cows  on  farms. 

As  already  stated,  the  milk  and  derivative  products  of  cows  "not 
on  farms,"  but  "kept  for  milk,"  were  not  obtained  and  reported  by 
the  Twelfth  Census.  An  estimate  of  this  production  must  therefore 
be  made,  as  it  will  not  do  to  ignore  so  important  a  factor  as  6  per 
cent  or  more  of  all  milk  produced  in  the  country.  Whether  right  or 
wrong,  the  annual  average  yield  per  cow  as  given  by  the  last  census 
will  be  accepted  and  used  as  the  basis  of  computations  until  more  sat- 
isfactory data  are  available.  This  is  424  gallons  per  cow  for  those  on 
farms.  The  "town  cows"  may  safely  be  estimated,  upon  this  basis, 
as  producing  475  gallons  per  head.  This  is  probably  as  much  below 
the  truth  as  the  }Tield  assigned  to  farm  cows  is  above  it.  A  few 


STATISTICS    OF   THE    DAIRY.  19 

examples  may  be  given:  The  cows  reported  above  for  the  District  of 
Columbia  as  having  an  annual  yield  of  680  gallons  each  were  the  herds 
owned  by  public  institutions  and  by  milk-supply  dairies.  The}'  were 
all  practically  "town  cows"  for  market  milk,  and  the  558  cows  in  the 
District  not  on  farms  were  doubtless  of  the  same  kind  and  equally 
good,  producing  600  or  700  gallons  of  milk  each  per  year.  The  county 
of  Richmond,  N.  Y.,  is  Staten  Island,  a  suburb  of  the  metropolis. 
This  county  is  credited  with  1,444  cows  upon  212  "farms,"  pro- 
ducing an  average  of  604  gallons  of  milk  per  cow.  There  were  in 
the  county  526  other  cows,  undoubtedly  of  equal  dairy  merit.  More 
than  three-quarters  of  the  milk  product  reported  was  sold.  The  cows 
of  this  county  were  thus  practically  all  "town  cows"  for  market 
milk,  producing  annually  over  600  gallons  per  head.  Suffolk  County, 
Mass.,  is  covered  by  the  city  of  Boston.  The  census  reports  887  cows 
on  93  "farms"  within  the  county,  producing  milk  at  the  rate  of  510 
gallons  yearly  per  cow.  There  were  509  other  dairy  cows  k'not  on 
farms"  in  this  county.  Substantially  all  the  milk  produced  was  sold. 
All  were  "town  cows"  for  market  milk,  producing  over  500  gallons 
per  head  per  year.  (The  probability  is  that  the  average  yield  of  these 
cows  was  actually  more.)  The  city"  and  count}'  of  San  Francisco  are 
practically  one.  There  were  5,005  cows  reported  as  "on  farms"  in 
the  countv  (and  city),  producing  milk  reported  at  nearly  4,000,000 
gallons;  practically  all  of  this  was  sold.  There  were  608  other  dairy 
cows.  The  average  production  reported  for  all  these  "town  cows  "  was 
almost  800  gallons  per  year,  while  the  average  for  the  entire  State  is 
given  as  500  gallons. 

Other  examples  might  be  given  to  show  that  the  dairy  cows  "not 
on  farms  "  were  in  all  cases  much  larger  producers  than  those  on  farms, 
and  were  very  generally  not  only  "  kept  for  milk,"  but  for  milk  to  be 
sold.  Butter  may  have  been  made  from  some  of  them;  in  the  main, 
however,  their  milk  was  used  or  sold,  constituting  a  very  large  share 
of  the  total  supply  of  market  milk.  It  would  be  quite  conservative 
to  credit  this  important  class  of  dairy  cows  with  500  gallons  each  per 
annum,  but,  as  an  offset  to  the  probable  excessive  rate  of  424  gallons 
per  cow  on  farms,  the  rate  of  475  will  be  estimated  for  cows  not  on 
farms  and  used  for  all  subsequent  computations  in  these  pages. 

The  safest  way  to  avoid  duplication  and  conflict  in  considering  the 
total  annual  dairy  production  of  the  country  is  to  estimate  the  number 
of  cows  and  the  yield  of  milk  necessary  for  the  different  products. 
The  following  arrangement  answers  that  purpose  for  the  year  1900: 

Cows. 

For  butter,  at  154  pounds  per  year  jx>r  cow it,  7(H),  000 

For  cheese,  at  MS  j>ounds  |>er  year  JKT  cow 800,  000 

For  condensed  milk,  at  91*2  pounds  per  year  JHT  cow 200,  000 

For  milk  consumed,  at  4150  gallons  JKT  year  |>er  cow 7,  412,  707 

Total  nutnlKT  of  cows .    IS,  1 12,  707 


20  BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 

This  arbitrary  arrangement  of  cows  to  the  different  branches  of 
dairy  production  is  based  upon  the  published  summaries  of  the  Twelfth 
Census.  Yet  a  smaller  number  of  cows  arc  thus  assigned  to  butter 
and  cheese  production  than  was  done  ten  years  earlier,  when  these 
products  were  also  much  less.  It  might  be  more  accurate  to  assume  a 
lower  rate  of  butter  and  cheese  product  and  increase  the  number  of 
"butter  cows"  and  "cheese  cows;'1  the  number  remaining  for  milk 
consumed  would  then  be  less,  as  it  doubtless  should  be. 

THE    AGGREGATE    MILK    PRODUCTION    AND    ITS    DISPOSITION    IN   THE 

UNITED   STATES. 

The  agricultural  tables  of  the  Twelfth  Census  give  the  total  quantity 
of  milk  produced  on  farms  in  this  country,  during  the  year  1899,  as 
7, 266, 392, (174  gallons,  or,  in  round  numbers,  62,500,000,000  pounds. 
This  was  the  product  of  17,139,674:  cows,  reported  from  4,514,210 
farms,  or  an  average  of  424  gallons  (3,650  pounds)  per  year  per  cow7. 
As  already  noted,  this  statement  of  the  milk  product  is  believed  to  be 
too  large.  But  these  are  the  figures  which  will  be  generally  quoted 
and  referred  to  for  some  years  to  come,  so  that  they  may  as  well  be 
considered  as  they  stand.  Of  the  total  quantity,  49.7  per  cent,  or 
nearly  one-half,  was  reported  from  the  North  Central  Division  and  25.1 
per  cent,  or  half  the  remainder,  from  the  North  Atlantic  States. 

To  the  product  of  the  farm  cows  must  be  added  that  of  nearly 
1,000,000  town  cows.  Estimated  as  heretofore  and  for  the  reasons 
stated,  as  475  gallons  (or  about  4,000  pounds)  per  cow,  the  annual  prod- 
uct of  this  class  of  cows  will  be  462,190,675  gallons,  or  3,900,000,000 
pounds,  which  is  more  than  one-sixteenth  of  the  gross  yield  of  the 
farm  cows.  There  is  no  basis  for  determining  the  uses  to  which  this 
great  quantity  of  milk  was  applied.  Most  of  it  was  doubtless  con- 
sumed in  its  natural  state.  The  total  being  regarded  as  market  milk, 
there  was  enough  to  supply  three  or  four  times  as  many  persons,  at 
the  average  rate,  as  were  included  in  the  families  of  the  owners  of 
these  cows  not  on  farms.  An  indefinite  portion  of  this  milk  must 
have  been  contributed,  however,  to  the  materials  reported  as  received 
by  the  butter,  cheese,  and  condensed-milk  factories,  and  applied  to 
making  butter  for  the  home  use  of  the  cow  owners. 

Altogether  the  milk  produced  in  the  United  States  during  the  year 
1899  is  thus  placed  at  7,728,583,349  gallons,  or  rather  more  than 
66,000,000,000  pounds,  being  an  annual  supply  of  101.3  gallons  for 
every  man,  woman,  and  child  in  the  country. 

Accepting  this  great  aggregate  as  possible,  if  not  probable,  the 
interesting  question  arises,  How  was  all  of  this  cows'  milk  used  or 
disposed  of?  The  census  statistics  furnish  no  satisfactory  answer; 
the  data  obtained  is  interesting  and  suggestive,  but  it  is  plainly  neither 
accurate  nor  complete.  Effort  was  made  to  obtain  information  as  to 


STATISTICS    OF    THE    DAIRY.  21 

the  disposition  of  milk  on  farms.  The  butter  and  cheese  made  thereon 
was  reported  and  also  the  milk  and  cream  sold.  The  gross  sales  of 
milk  were  returned  as  2,134,915,3-1:2  gallons,  and  of  cream  20,768,662 
gallons,  being  equivalent  to  114,227,641  gallons  of  additional  milk. 
A  table  is  presented  in  the  agricultural  volume  of  the  census  (Table 
CLXVII,  Vol.  V,  p.  clxxvi)  which  is  intended  to  show  how  the  milk 
produced  on  farms  was  utilized.  Besides  the  portion  above  stated  as 
sold,  estimates  are  given  of  the  quantity  converted  into  butter  and 
cheese,  and  a  conclusion  reached  as  to  the  milk  consumed  on  farms  in 
ways  unreported.  In  doing  this,  however,  allowances  were  made  at 
least  10  per  cent  too  great  for  the  milk  made  into  cheese  and  25  per  cent 
too  great  for  milk  made  into  butter."  By  correcting  these  manifest 
overestimates  of  the  application  of  milk  to  butter  and  cheese  made  on 
farms,  it  is  found  that,  instead  of  1,244,857,710  gallons  of  milk  con- 
sumed on  farms,  or  276  gallons  per  year  for  every  farm  reporting,  the 
milk  product  of  farms  left  unaccounted  for  is  1,402,644,302  gallons, 
or  12,062,740,994  pounds,  being  310.7  gallons  (or  2,672  pounds)  annu- 
ally per  farm. 

When,  in  addition  to  this,  the  enormous  farm  supplies  of  skim  milk 
and  buttermilk  are  considered,  it  is  evident  that  some  disposition  other 
than  consumption  by  human  beings  must  be  accepted  as  an  explanation. 
One  of  three  things  must  be  true:  The  total  milk  product  of  cows  on 
farms  must  have  been  considerably  less,  or  the  quantity  of  milk  and 
cream  sold  from  farms  must  have  been  much  greater  than  reported, 
or  some  other  use  must  have  been  made  on  farms  of  a  large  share  of 
the  milk  produced.  The  sales  of  milk  and  cream  are  probably  the 
most  accurate  of  the  farm  dairy  statistics.  In  many  cases  these  facts 
are  matters  of  record.  Next  in  reliability  are  the  sales  of  butter  and 
cheese  from  farms;  less  reliable  are  the  totals  of  these  articles  made  on 
farms.  Most  doubtful  of  all  is  the  annual  milk  product,  especially 
when  measured  in  gallons  and  estimated  in  June,  1900,  for  the  twelve 
months  ended  with  the  December  previous.  But  still,  accepting  these 
returns,  a  rational  disposition  must  be  sought  for  much  of  the  milk 
reported  produced.  The  census  barely  suggests  an  explanation  by  a 
single  sentence:  "In  many  reports,  particularly  from  the  North  Central 
States,  mention  was  made  of  the  fact  that  some  milk  reported  was  fed 
to  calves  raised  for  veal."  Before  this  sentence  was  written  the  writer 
proposed,  in  a  paper  published  on  this  subject,  to  assign  a  definite  and 
considerable  portion  of  all  milk  reported  produced  on  farms  to  the 

"The  census  estimates  3.5  gallons  of  milk,  or  a  little  over  HO  pounds,  per  pound  of 
butter,  and  1.3  gallons,  or  over  11  pounds  of  milk,  for  a  pound  of  cheese.  The  eor- 
re«i>onding  estimate*  of  the  Dairy  Division  are  24  pounds  milk  JUT  1  pound  butter 
and  10  ixiunds  milk  i>er  1  pound  cheese.  The  two  offices  nearly  agree  in  the  equiv- 
alents of  milk  and  cream,  the  one  reckoning  ">.">  gallons  of  milk  as  1  gallon  of  cream 
and  the  other  5.5  pounds  of  milk  as  1  pound  of  cream. 


22  BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 

rearing  of  cilves.  In  June,  1900,  there  were  reported  living  nearly  53 
calves  under  1  year  old  for  every  100  cows  of  all  kinds  over  2  years 
old.  This  was  after  a  greater  part  of  the  veal  calves  of  the  year  had 
been  slaughtered.  It  is  believed  that  15,000,000  calves  may  be 
assumed  to  have  been  born  and  carried  to  an  average  age  of  at  least 
six  weeks  from  the  17,139,674:  dairy  cows  on  farms.  This  is,  of  course, 
an  assumption,  and  must  include  calves  fed  for  veal,  mainly  on  whole 
milk,  and  calves  raised  for  breeding  and  for  beef,  with  more  or  less 
milk  or  none  at  all.  It  is  now  proposed  to  allow  for  these  calves  an 
average  of  1  gallon  of  milk  a  day  for  about  six  weeks.  This  is  purely 
an  estimate,  and  will  be  by  many  regarded  as  excessive.  It  may  be  so, 
but  it  is  more  reasonable  to  thus  dispose  of  the  farm  surplus  of 
milk,  which  must  be  accounted  for,  than  to  count  it  as  human  food; 
and  these  are  the  only  alternatives.  Therefore  the  following  table 
has  been  constructed  to  show  the  probable  disposition  of  milk  reported 
produced  on  farms,  provided  the  census  returns  are  correct.  The  total 
milk  product,  the  sales  of  milk  and  cream,  and  the  quantities  of 
butter  and  cheese  made  on  farms  are  from  census  tables. 

TABLE  II. — Milk  apparently  available  on  farms  and  used  or  disposed  of  in  1899. 


Products  and  applications  of  milk. 


Milk  required. 


Gallons. 

Cheese  made  (16,372,330  pounds)  « 19, 037, 593 

Butter  made  (1,071,745,127  pounds)  b 2, 990, 916, 633 

Cream  sold  (20,768,662  gallons)  <• 114, 227, 641 

Milk  sold  (2,134,915,342  gallons)  <t 2, 134, 915, 342 


Total  milk  used  or  sold  as  above 5, 259, 097, 209 

Total  milk  reported  produced  on  farms 7, 266, 392, 674 


Pounds. 

163, 723, 300 
25,721,883,048 

982, 357, 713 
18,360,271,941 


45, 228, 236, 002 
62, 490, 976, 996 


Difference  remaining  available  on  farms 2, 007, 295, 465 

Estimate  consumed  by  15,000,000  calves 604, 651, 163 


Remainder  milk  available  for  human  food 1, 402, 644, 302 


17, 262,  740, 994 
5, 200, 000, 000 


12,062,740,994 


« 1  pound  cheese  =  10  pounds  of  milk.  e  1  gallon  cream  =  47.3  pounds  or  5.5  gallons  milk. 

b  1  pound  butter  =  24  pounds  of  milk.  rf  1  gallon  milk  =  8.6  pounds. 

Assuming  that  there  are  6  persons  to  1  farm — 4-,  51-4, 210  farms  to 
provide  for  =  27,085,260  persons.  (12,062,74-0,994:  pounds  milk  -4- 
27,085,260  persons  =  445.36  pounds  milk  per  capita  per  annum;  445.36 
pounds  milk  per  annum  gives  1.22  pounds  of  milk  per  capita  per  diem 
on  these  farms.) 

Notwithstanding  the  arbitrary  assignment  of  about  8  per  cent  of  the 
total  farm  rnilk  product  as  used  by  calves,  there  remains  a  supply  of 
milk  equal  to  310.7  gallons,  or  2,672  pounds  per  annum  per  farm  re- 
porting, for  use  by  persons  living  on  the  same  farms.  Allowing  6 
persons  per  farm,  the  annual  supply  becomes  445.36  pounds  of  milk 
per  capita,  or  1.22  pounds  per  day.  If  this  were  true,  the  people  on 
farms  would  consume  new  or  whole  milk  at  a  rate  double  that  which 


STATISTICS    OF    THE    DAIRY.  23 

would  be  available  for  those  not  living  on  farms,  besides  the  farm 
supplies  of  skim  milk  and  buttermilk.  The  improbability  of  an}T  such 
rate  of  farm  consumption  again  forces  the  conclusion  that  the  farm 
sales  of  milk  and  cream  were  greater  than  reported  and  the  total  milk 
produced  on  farms  was  much  less. 

In  further  illustration  of  the  relations  of  the  production  of  milk  on 
farms  to  its  disposition  another  table  is  presented,  containing  extracts 
from  the  census  returns,  except  that  cream  is  expressed  in  equivalent 
gallons  of  milk,  the  States  being  arranged  in  the  order  of  greatest 
milk  production. 

TABLK  III — Production  of  milk  on  farms  and  its  disposition,  in  part,  in  the  United  States 
and  in  selected  States  for  1899.     (From  the  census.) 


State. 

Tntnl  milk            Total  milk 

-Z£K   «' 

Milk  (and 
cream)  pur- 
chased by 
factories,  a 

United  States 

Gallons.                Gallons. 
7  266,  392,  674       2,  249,  142,  983 

Gallons. 
1  510  502  090 

New  York 

772,  799  352  :        448,  782,  151 

273  392  236 

Iowa 

535  872,240          232,615,344  j 

217  193  098 

Pennsylvania 

487,  033  818           174  001,607 

111  577  740 

Wisconsin 

472  274  264           261  462  356 

250  334  660 

Illinois 

457  106  995           189  (32,261  ! 

125,  014,  634 

Ohio 

425,870  394             86  903,  9S9 

47  942  648 

Massachusetts 

105,571,873            80,917  357 

13  734  648 

New  Jersey 

77  714  055            50,  923  939 

5  981  150 

"See  Census,  1900,  Vol.  V,  p.  ci.xxix. 

Notwithstanding  the  doubts  expressed  as  to  the  statistics  given 
above,  they  are  regarded  as  having  sufficient  approximate  and  com- 
parative accuracy  to  furnish  certain  marked  and  interesting  features. 

It  is  impossible  to  tell  to  what  extent  farm  returns  failed  to  include 
in  the  sales  the  milk  and  cream  delivered  to  cooperative  creameries 
and  cheese  factories,  the  butter  and  cheese  from  which  were  included 
in  manufactures  and  not  in  farm  products  or  sales.  There  is  evidence 
that  such  errors  of  omission  occurred.  The  milk  and  cream  received 
at  factories  must  have  been  greater  than  returned,  because  the  manu- 
factured products  of  those  establishments  required  materials  consider- 
ably more  than  the  quantities  reported.  The  business  of  most  of 
these  factories  is  a  matter  of  record,  and  yet  an  examination  of  the 
original  returns  made  by  them  for  the  census  shows  that  records  of 
products  are  more  definite  and  reliable,  in  many  cases,  than  those  of 
the  milk  and  cream  received  as  materials  for  manufacture. 

States  like  Iowa  and  Wisconsin,  having  the  creamery  and  factory 
system  well  developed  and  no  large  demands  for  city  milk  supply, 
both  report  the  milk  received  at  the  factories  as  within  20,000,000 


24  BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 

gallons  of  the  milk  sales  reported  by  farms.  It  appears  that  in  Wis- 
consin the  farm  sales  constituted  more  than  half  of  the  total  milk  pro- 
duced. Explanatory  of  this  is  the  fact  that  the  farm  products  of 
butter  and  cheese  in  this  State  were  comparatively  small.  More  than 
half  of  all  the  milk  went  to  the  factories;  no  other  such  case  is  shown 
in  tho  table.  Ohio,  on  the  contrary,  with  exceptionally  large  quan- 
tities of  butter  and  cheese  made  on  the  farms  (and  comparatively  few 
creameries),  sent  only  11  per  cent  of  the  milk  to  be  manufactured  else- 
where, and  shows  sales,  outside  the  factories,  twice  as  large  as  Iowa  or 
Wisconsin.  Illinois,  New  York,  and  Pennsylvania  well  show  the 
local  demands  for  city  milk  supply;  a  large  share  of  the  milk  produced 
was  sold  from  the  farms,  and  yet,  although  creameries  and  cheese 
factories  are  numerous  in  these  States,  such  establishments  did  not 
receive  more  than  two-thirds  of  the  milk  reported  as  sold.  The  sta- 
tistics of  Massachusetts  and  New  Jersey  have  been  included  as  exam- 
ples of  the  effects  of  dense  population  and  local  markets  for  milk; 
a  very  large  part  of  the  milk  produced  is  sold  from  the  farms,  but 
very  small  portions  of  this  go  to  creameries  and  cheese  factories. 

It  is  deemed  unfortunate  that  the  gallon  was  selected  as  the  unit  of 
milk  measure  for  the  farm  returns  of  the  census.  Although  it  may  be 
a  familiar  farm  measure,  records  of  milk  are  rarely  if  ever  kept  in 
gallons.  Commercial  transactions  in  milk,  including  the  business 
between  creameries  and  cheese  factories  and  the  farmers  ("patrons") 
wrho  supply  them,  are  now  generally  conducted  in  pounds,  although 
sometimes  expressed  in  quarts.  The  gallon  is  itself  an  uncertain 
quantity,  the  milk  gallon  differing  considerably  in  different  States, 
but  the  pound  avoirdupois  is  the  same  the  countiy  over.  In  the  com- 
putations and  conversions  made  for  this  discussion  and  its  tables,  a 
gallon  of  milk  has  been  regarded  as  8.6  pounds  and  a  gallon  of  cream 
as  8.2  pounds. 

BUTTER   ON    FARMS. 

Whereas  the  census  has  heretofore  reported,  in  connection  with 
butter  on  farms,  the  single  fact  of  quantity  made,  the  Twelfth  Census 
adds  three  important  and  interesting  items — the  number  of  farms 
reporting  butter  as  a  home  product,  the  quantity  sold  from  farms,  and 
the  value  of  such  sales.  It  thus  appears  that  3,617,440  farms,  or  63 
per  cent  of  the  total  number,  reported  butter,  the  total  quantity 
made  in  the  }Tear  1899  being  1,071,745,127  pounds.  Of  the  latter, 
518,139,026  pounds,  or  rather  more  than  one-half,  was  sold  for 
$86,606.446,  or  at  an  average  rate  of  16.7  cents  per  pound. 


STATISTICS    OF   THE    DAIRY. 


25 


The  following  table  is  taken  from  the  agricultural  volume  (Part  I) 
of  the  census  for  1900: 

TABLE  IV. — Slitter  made  on  farms  and  sales  of  same.     ( Census  of  1900. ) 


Geographic  divisions. 

Farms 
reporting 
butter. 

Pounds  made. 

Pounds  sold. 

Received 
from  sales. 

Average 
price 
obtained 
per  pound 
(cents). 

The  United  States 

3,  617,  440 

1,071,745,127 

518,  139,  026 

586,  606,  446 

16.7 

North  Atlantic  

427,  220 

206,284,451 

145,  773,  945 

28,  346,  852 

19.4 

South  Atlantic  

507,857 

89,111,226 

24,432,566 

4,214,943 

17.3 

North  Central  

1,599,111 

539,  104,  750 

284,  995,  556 

42,  695,  824 

15.  0 

South  Central       

960,678 

185,  923,  330 

32,  246,  106 

5,231,213 

16.2 

Western                  

122,500 

51,202,299 

30,  594,  594 

6,082,141 

19.9 

Alaska                  

3 

200 

50 

18 

36.0 

Hawaii                  

71 

118,871 

96,209 

35,455 

36.9 

Over  one-half,  or  50.3  per  cent,  of  the  butter  reported  from  farms 
was  made  in  the  North  Central  Division  and  19.2  per  cent  in  the  North 
Atlantic.  The  former  division  sold  55  per  cent  of  its  farm  butter  and 
the  latter  division  28.2  per  cent.  This  shows  where  the  surplus  farm, 
or  "dairy,"  butter  is  made.  The  South  Central  Division  sold  only  6.2 
per  cent  of  its  farm  product;  the  South  Atlantic  Division  only  4.7  per 
cent,  and  the  Western  Division  only  5.9  per  cent. 

It  may  be  supposed  that  the  returns  of  butter  made  on  farms  were 
as  accurate  as  reported  for  the  censuses  of  previous  years  as  for  that 
of  1900.  Comparisons  are  therefore  in  order.  The  total  product  on 
farms  reported  every  ten  years  from  1859  to  1899,  inclusive,  is  given 
in  Table  X.  on  page  49.  The  farm-butter  product  per  capita  of  popu- 
lation has  been  as  follows:  Census  of  1850,  13.51  pounds;  census  of 
1860,  14.62  pounds;  census  of  1870,  13.33  pounds;  census  of  1880, 
15.50  pounds;  census  of  1890, 16.33  pounds,  and  census  of  1900,  14.06 
pounds  of  farm  butter  per  capita  per  annum.  Since  1880,  and  includ- 
ing that  year,  creamery  butter  also  has  been  produced  in  rapidly  increas- 
ing quantity.  Therefore  the  per  capita  production  of  farm  butter  has 
been  quite  variable,  and,  although  the  rate  increased  during  the  decade 
prior  to  1890,  notwithstanding  a  very  large  increase  of  creamery  butter 
during  the  same  period,  the  last  decade  shows  a  decrease  in  rate  exceed- 
ing anything  previous;  while,  at  the  same  time,  the  total  production 
of  butter  on  farms,  as  reported  by  the  Twelfth  Census,  was  some- 
what greater  than  ever  before. 

The  five  States  producing  the  greatest  quantity  of  butter  on  farms 
were,  in  the  order  named,  Ohio,  New  York,  Pennsylvania.  Iowa,  and 
Michigan.  Together  they  produced  almost  one-third  of  the  total. 

In  the  discussion  of  the  statistics  of  dairy  products  in  the  agricul- 
tural volume  of  the  Twelfth  Census,  it  is  stilted  that,  for  reasons 


26  BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 

already  referred  to,  the  butter  reported  as  made  on  farms  should  prob- 
ably be  reduced  by  7.400,000  pounds  and  the  milk  sales  correspond- 
ingly increased.  This  correction  is  considered  as  belonging'  to  the 
returns  for  the  States  of  Vermont,  Minnesota,  Kansas,  and  Nebraska. 
Besides  this,  the  census  estimates  that  butter  was  made  on  farms  and 
not  reported  to  the  amount  of  50,000,000  pounds. 

CHEESE    OX    FARMS. 

The  quantity  of  cheese  made  on  farms  has  decreased  steadity  ever 
since  the  beginning  of  the  factory  system  of  manufacture  in  this  coun- 
try— about  fifty  years  ago.  The  number  of  farms  reporting  cheese 
in  1900  was  only  15,670,  or  one  farm  in  every  366.  Of  these  farms, 
approximately  half  were  in  the  North  Central  Division  and  one-half 
of  the  remainder  in  the  North  Atlantic  States.  But  the  Western 
Division  reported  more  cheese  made  on  farms  than  any  other  geo- 
graphical division,  because  the  State  of  California  was  credited  with 
4,249,588  pounds,  or  over  one-fourth  of  the  total  product  on  farms, 
which  was  16,372,330  pounds.  New  York  was  next,  with  2,624,552 
pounds,  and  the  States  of  Wisconsin  and  Ohio  were  the  only  others  in 
which  over  1,000,000  pounds  were  made  during  the  census  year, 
although  Pennsylvania  approached  that  quantity.  But  every  State 
and  Territory  in  the  Union  reported  some  cheese  made  on  farms. 
Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Delaware,  South  Carolina,  Georgia, 
Florida,  Arkansas,  and  Indian  Territory  were  the  only  ones  reporting 
less  than  20,000  pounds  each.  Cheese  making  on  farms  is  therefore  a 
widely  diffused  industry  still,  despite  the  preponderance  of  factory- 
made  cheese. 

More  than  seven-eighths  of  this  home-made  cheese  was  sold  from 
the  farms.  The  average  price  reported  received  for  it  was  9.1  cents 
per  pound.  In  the  North  Atlantic  and  Western  Divisions  the  aver- 
ages were  the  same,  9.6  cents;  this  was  the  rate  in  New  York,  while 
in  California  it  was  but  9.1  cents.  In  Wisconsin  the  average  was  but 
8.7  cents,  and  in  Ohio  6.8  cents. 

As  compared  with  the  Eleventh  Census,  the  Twelfth  shows  a  decrease 
in  the  whole  country  of  nearly  2,500,000  pounds  of  farm-made  cheese 
per  year,  or  12.6  per  cent,  although  the  total  cheese  product  of  the 
United  States  appears  to  have  increased  over  16  per  cent." 

"See  modifying  statement  on  p.  42. 


STATISTICS    OF    THE    DAIRY.  "27 

FARM   SALES   OF    DAIRY    PRODUCTS. 

Following  is  a  general  summary  of  the  quantities  and  values  of 
dairy  products  sold  from  -i,51i,210  farms  in  the  United  States,  and  the 
totals  of  such  products  thereon,  as  reported  by  the  census  for  1900: 

Milk  sold,  2,134,915,342  gallons $184,  842,  292 

Cream  sold,  20,768,662  gallons 8,  838,  776 

Butter  sold,  518,139,026  pounds 86,  606,  446 

Cheese  sold,  14,692,542  pounds 1, 342, 444 

Total  value  of  dairy  products  sold  from  farms 281,  629,  958 

Total  value  of  such  products  consumed  on  farms. . .     190,  739,  297 

Aggregate  value  of  dairy  products  on  farms,  1899  . .     472,  369,  255 

The  totals  given  include  the  small  returns  from  Alaska  and  Hawaii. 
The  average  value  of  dairy  products  per  farm  reporting  was  $104.61, 
and  the  average  annual  sales  of  such  products  per  farm  was  only 
$62.39.  The  census  of  1900,  in  the  discussion  of  these  data,  expresses 
the  opinion  that,  by  reason  of  errors  and  omissions,  the  totals  above 
are  considerably  below  the  actual  facts. 

BUTTER,    CHEESE,    AND   CONDENSED-MILK    FACTORIES. 

One  of  the  most  striking  features  in  the  history  of  dairy  farming  in 
the  United  States  is  the  transfer  of  this  productive  industry,  in  large 
part,  from  the  farm  to  the  factory.  The  cows  and  milk  continue  to  be 
farm  property  and  products,  but  a  constantly  increasing  share  of  the 
labor  of  converting  milk  into  market  form  is  done  at  creameries,  cheese 
factories,  and  condenseries.  This  change  has  transpired  during  the 
last  half  century,  which  covers  the  period  of  development  of  associated 
and  cooperative  dallying  in  America.  When  the  milk  produced  on 
two  or  more  farms  or  the  cream  from  such  milk  is  brought  together 
at  one  place  to  be  condensed  or  made  into  cheese  or  butter,  domestic 
industry  ceases,  the  place  becomes  a  factory,  and  its  output  a  manu- 
factured product. 

Consequently,  for  census  purposes,  the  statistics  of  the  dairy  industry 
in  the  United  States  are  collected  and  compiled  in  two  distinct  parts, 
by  different  sets  of  employees,  under  separate  supervision,  and  pub- 
lished in  separate  volumes.  The  products  and  sales  of  farms  appear 
in  the  agricultural  tables  as  one  part  and  the  materials  and  products  of 
the  dairy  factories  appear  in  the  tables  of  manufactures  as  another 
part.  The  reasons  for  this  are  sound  from  the  standpoint  of  the 
Director  of  the  Census,  but  the  result  is  unsatisfactory  to  those  who 
wish  to  study  and  use  the  data.  One  serious  objection  to  this  plan  is 
the  entire  separation  of  the  statistics  of  raw  materials  produced  and 
disposed  of  by  farms  from  those  of  the  dairy  establishments  preparing 
the  market  products.  The  two  parts  can  only  be  adjusted  and  har- 
monized bv  violent  methcxls. 


28 


BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 


The  Seventh  Census  noted  the  existence  of  8  cheese  factories  in  1850. 
The  number  increased  very  little  until  after  1860.  In  1870,  there 
were  reported  1,313  cheese  factories  and  butter  factories,  generally 
called  creameries.  The  census  for  1880  reported  3,932,  and  that  for 
1890  gave  the  number  at  4,712.  The  latter  was  the  number  of  estab- 
lishments from  which  reports  were  rendered;  it  is  well  known,  how- 
ever, that  a  considerable  number  of  such  factories,  probably  2,500, 
were  then  actually  in  operation  from  which  no  returns  were  obtained 
for  the  Eleventh  Census.  This  fact  should  be  borne  in  mind.  Although 
the  figures  for  different  years  are  brought  together  in  tables  which 
follow,  as  a  matter  of  record,  direct  comparisons  will,  in  most  cases, 
be  very  misleading. 

The  returns  for  1900  include  the  statistics  of  9,242  butter,  cheese, 
and  condensed-milk  factories.  These  central  plants  have  under  their 
control  2,050  skimming,  or  separating,  stations  and  747  other  branches. 
There  are  also  113  urban  establishments  reporting  the  manufacture  of 
butter  or  cheese  or  both.  These  latter  are,  in  a  few  cases,  creameries 
located  in  cities  and  which  escaped  the  regular  enumerators,  but  in 
most  instances  they  are  milk-supply  establishments  which  simply 
manufacture  their  variable  surplus  of  milk  and  cream.  Their  products, 
amounting  to  several  hundred  thousand  pounds  of  butter  and  cheese 
annually,  can  not  be  ignored,  and  these  data  are  distributed  to  their 
respective  States  in  some  of  the  tables  following.  The  total  number 
of  establishments  in  the  country  for  1900  is  therefore  9,355,  and  the 
principal  data  concerning  them  will  be  found  in  the  table  below,  which 
shows  the  distribution  of  the  dairy  factories  of  1900,  by  States  and 
Territories,  and  their  classification  according  to  products. 

TABLE  V. — Cheese,  butter,  and  condensed-milk  factories:  Number  of  establishments  in  each 
class,  classified  according  to  products,  by  States  and  Territories,  1900. 


States  and  Territories. 

Total 
number 
of  estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Butter 
only 
pro- 
duced. 

Cheese 
only 
pro- 
duced. 

Con- 
densed 
milk  only 
pro- 
duced. 

Cream 
for  sale 
the  only 
product. 

Two  or 
more 
products 
reported. 

United  States 

9,242 

5,  275 

3,299 

38 

47 

583 

Alabama  . 

4 

3 

1 

Arizona  .  . 

1 

1 

5 

Arkansas 

8 

1 

California 

178 

143 

17 

„ 

1 

15 

Colorado  . 

38 

20 

9 

1 

8 

Connecticut 

71 

62 

•2 

7 

Delaware 

'22 

21 

1 

Georgia.. 

4 

4 

Idaho 

19 

11 

4 

4 

Illinois  .  .  . 

393 

51 

>6 

5 

74) 

Indiana  .  . 

112 

75 

21; 

11 

Iowa.  .  . 

907 

816 

81 

2 

8 

STATISTICS    OF    THE    DAIRY. 


29 


TABLE  V. — Cheese,  butter,  and  condensed-milk -factories,  etc. — Continued. 


States  and  Territories. 

Total 
number 
of  estab- 
lish- 
ments. 

Butter 
only 
pro- 
duced. 

Cheese 
only 
pro- 
duced. 

Con- 
densed 
milk  only 
pro- 
duced. 

Cream 
for  sale 
the  only 
product. 

Two  or 
more 
products 
reported. 

171 
9 
ill 
84 
50 
286 
596 
2 

79 
3 
93 
4 
53 
53 
1,908 
21 
179 
5 
68 
749 
3 
138 
12 
12 
57 
255 
10 
GO 
4 
2,018 
2 

133 
7 
14 
78 
4(5 
146 
538 
2 
48 
3 
82 
2 

47 
47 
575 
13 
147 
2 
39 
603 
3 
122 
11 
9 
21 
180 
8 
33 
1 
72S  . 
1 

30 
16 

*• 

7 
1 

1 

6 
1 

1 
3 

1 
130 
47 

2 
6 

8 

Michigan  

3 


24 

1 

6 

5 

1 

5 
2 

New  Hampshire  

4 
1 
1,151 
8 
221 
3 
16 
124 

1 
1 
12 

1 
4 
1 

166 

North  Dakota              

Ohio                                 

1 

11                   99 

1                   12 
3                   16 

3 

Rhode  Island  

South  Dakota  .             

14 
1 
2 
7 
61 
2 
8 
2 
1  ,  227 

2 

Tennessee  

Texas                            .  .        

1 

29 
10 

Utah 

Vermont 

2 

2 

Washington 

1 

18 
1 
00 
1 

West  Virginia 

Wisconsin  

3 

Wyoming  

THE   ASSOCIATED    SYSTEM    OF    DAIKYING. 

The  statement  has  been  frequently  made  that  the  associated  system 
of  dairying  originated  in  this  country,  and  it  has  been  called  "The 
American  system."  Those  who  first  associated  themselves  and  brought 
milk  together  from  different  farms  for  making  butter  and  cheese  prob- 
ably never  heard  of  such  methods  elsewhere,  and  so  were  originators 
for  their  own  time  and  neighborhoods.  But  the  change  \v:is  only  a 
natural  evolution  in  the  industry  here,  and  the  same  thing  had  been 
done  long  before  in  other  lands.  In  the  Jura  Mountain  region  of 
France  and  Switzerland,  cooperative  cheese  making  has  been  system- 
atically practiced  for  at  least  four  centuries  and  probably  much  longer. 
In  the  Tnited  States,  cooperation  among  dairymen  was  first  applied 
in  making  cheese.  This  plan  attracted  attention  and  was  recognized 
as  successful  in  Oneida  County,  N.  Y.,  about  1S52.  Very  slowly  the 


30 


BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 


cheese  factor}*  became  an  established  institution.  Once  fairly  started 
in  the  heart  of  the  cheese-making  district  of  New  York,  the  factory 
system  spread  with  much  rapidity.  The  "  war  period,"  during  which 
the  price  of  cheese  more  than  doubled,  lent  additional  impetus  to 
the  movement.  A  like  effect  was  produced  from  the  increase  in 
cheese  exports  which  occurred  about  the  same  time.  These  exports 
rose  from  13,020,817  pounds  in  1850  to  15,515,799  in  1860,  and  to 
53,154,318  in  1805;  ten  years  later  101,010,853  pounds  of  cheese  were 
exported.  The  early  growth  of  this  factoiy  system  is  shown  in  the 
following  table: 

TAHI.K  VI. — Xu.mfn'r  of  cheese  factories  established  in  the  State  of  Xcw  York  annually, 

1854-1866. 


Years. 

Facto- 
ries. 

Years. 

Facto- 
ries. 

Years. 

Facto- 
ries. 

1854 

4 

1860 

17 

1866 

46 

1855. 

2 

1861  

18 

1850 

3  j 

1862  

25 

Total    number   in 

1857 

3 

1863.                       .   . 

.   ..         Ill 

operation  in  1866  . 

499 

1858 

4 

1864. 

210 

1859. 

4 

1865 

'          52 

Cheese  factories  were  started  in  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  soon  after 
the}*  became  popular  in  New  York,  and  then  they  appeared  in  other 
States  both  East  and  West. 

Making  butter  in  quantity  from  milk  or  cream  collected  from 
numerous  farms  soon  followed  the  introduction  of  cheese  factories. 
Such  establishments  are  properly  butter  factories,  but  the  name 
•'creamery"  has  been  generally  adopted  and  is  not  likely  to  be 
changed.  So  far  as  known,  the  creamery  system  of  butter  making 
originated  in  the  United  States.  The  first  creamery  was  built  in 
Orange  Count}-,  N.  Y.,  in  the  year  1864,  and  received  daily  the  milk 
from  375  cows.  In  Illinois  the  first  cheese  factory  was  started  in 
1863  and  the  first  creamery  in  1867.  In  Iowa  these  respective  events 
were  in  1866  and  1871. 

The  early  cheese  factories  and  creameries  were  purely  cooperative 
concerns,  and  it  is  in  this  form  that  the  system  has  usually  extended 
into  new  territory,  whether  for  the  production  of  butter  or  cheese. 
There  are,  however,  various  other  forms  of  ownership  and  manage- 
ment, involving  the  cooperative  principle  in  part  or  being  purely 
proprietary. 

It  was  impossible  to  separate  these  establishments  in  classes  accord- 
ing to  all  the  modifications  of  ownership  and  management  for  the 
Twelfth  Census,  but  four  groups  were  made:  Individual,  -4,507;  firm, 
1,335;  corporation,  1,591;  cooperative,  1,813;  total,  9,246.  It  thus 
appears  that  the  proprietary  plan  or  private  ownership  is  now  greatly 


STATISTICS    OF    THE    DAIRY.  31 

in  excess  of  the  cooperative  system.  The  tendency  has  been  toward 
changes  in  this  direction  for  a  number  of  }~ears.  In  New  England 
less  than  twenty  years  ago  all  the  creameries  were  cooperative;  now 
a  bare  majority  so  remain  in  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  and  Massachu- 
setts. In  Iowa,  where  the  cooperative  plan  formerly  prevailed,  less 
than  one-third  still  remain  of  that  form.  Minnesota  creameries  were 
for  years  almost  all  cooperative;  about  (50  per  cent  continue  to  be  so. 
As  examples  of  the  other  extreme,  only  8  factories  are  cooperative 
out  of  178  in  California,  only  13  out  of  171  in  Kansas,  and  only  372 
out  of  2,018  in  Wisconsin. 

Although  establishments  of  this  kind  are  usually  successful,  there 
is  mis  judgment  and  failure  as  in  other  lines  of  industry.  Many  have 
been  started  by  "•promoters,"  injudiciously  located,  or  overcapitalized, 
and  closed  after  brief  careers.  Fires,  consolidations,  and  other  changes 
of  ownership  add  to  the  causes  for  frequent  changes.  Of  the  9,246 
establishments  enumerated  in  1900,  5.4<>3,  or  over  one-half,  were 
reported  as  established  within  the  preceding  decade,  and  439  as  started 
during  the  census  year. 

During  the  earlier  years  of  their  operation  it  was  not  uncommon  for 
both  butter  and  cheese  to  be  made  in  these  factories  at  different  sea- 
sons, or  butter  and  skim  cheese  at  the  same  time.  A  more  distinct 
separation  has  resulted  from  a  healthy  sentiment  (aided  by  State  laws) 
to  make  full-cream  cheese,  and  from  a  preference  on  the  part  of  cream- 
eries to  have  no  cheese  making  about  the  premises.  The  totals  from 
Table  V,  on  page  28,  according  to  their  products,  are  as  follows: 

Number  making  butter  only 5,  275 

Number  making  cheese  only 3,  299 

Number  making  condensed  milk  only 38 

Number  selling  cream 47 

Number  reporting  two  or  more  products .       583 

Of  the  last  group,  there  are  571  which  make  both  butter  and  cheese, 
11  which  make  butter  and  condensed  milk,  and  1  which  makes  cheese 
and  condensed  milk.  In  order  to  make  desirable  averages  and  com- 
parisons, and  at  the  same  time  avoid  duplications,  a  rearrangement  is 
necessary,  by  which  the  combined  establishments  are  arbitrarily  but 
equitably  distributed.  This  being  done,  the  following  classification  is 
obtained  for  the  whole  countrv: 

Creameries 5, 5H7 

Condenseries, 43 

Cheese  factories 3,  585 

Cream  shipj>ers 47 


T(  )tal i»,  242 

No  factory  is  counted  twice  in  this  arrangement.  Recognizing  the 
dual  character  of  some  establishments,  it  is  found  that  there  are  alto- 
gether 5,857  where  butter  is  made  and  :*,872  where  cheese  is  made. 


32  BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 

Under  this  classification  without  duplication,  Iowa  has  the  greatest 
number  of  creameries,  820,  and  Wisconsin  next,  759;  then  New  York 
659,  Pennsylvania  611,  Minnesota  542,  and  Illinois  430.  No  other 
State  has  as  many  as  200.  As  to  cheese  factories,  the  States  having 
the  greatest  number  are :  Wisconsin  1,256,  New  York,  1,231,  Ohio  271, 
Michigan  132,  and  Pennsylvania  132.  No  other  State  has  more  than  90. 

By  the  census  of  1890,  the  three  States  which  reported  the  greatest 
number  of  creameries  and  cheese  factories  together  were  New  York 
1,337,  Wisconsin  966,  and  Iowa  500.  The  same  States  stand  at  the 
head  in  1900,  but  Wisconsin  and  New  York  change  places;  these  two 
States  divide  their  establishments  similarly,  there  being  in  each  some- 
what more  than  half  as  many  creameries  as  cheese  factories.  Iowa, 
holding  third  place,  is  preeminently  a  butter-making  State,  with  more 
creameries  than  an}'  other,  but  only  85  cheese  factories.  During  the 
last  twenty  years  creameries  have  increased  in  number  much  faster 
than  cheese  factories,  and  the  sj^stem  has  extended  into  new  territory, 
especially  in  the  North  Central  and  Western  States.  A  comparatively 
new  plan  is  the  organization  of  large  companies  which  establish  a  cen- 
tral manufacturing  plant,  and  transport  to  this  the  raw  material  in  the 
form  of  cream  or  milk,  usually  the  former.  This  is  collected  from 
branches  known  as  shipping  stations  and  skimming  stations,  at  which 
deliveries  are  made  by  the  farmers  of  the  neighborhood.  Cream  is 
thus  gathered  and  carried  long  distances  by  rail  to  the  main  creamery. 

The  extent  of  associated  dairying  in  some  States,  especially  Kansas 
and  Nebraska,  would  not  be  understood  from  Table  V  without  expla- 
nations. Although  reporting  only  171  and  93  factories,  respectively, 
of  all  kinds,  in  1900,  there  were  in  addition  307  and  284  shipping 
stations,  or  separating  and  skimming  stations,  in  these  two  States. 
Many  of  these  were  formerly  independent  creameries  or  cheese  fac- 
tories which  have  been  absorbed  by  the  large  companies,  and  thus 
ceased  to  be  manufacturing  plants.  The  returns  show  that  in  1900 
there  were  473  centrifugal  cream  separators  in  operation  in  these 
creameries  and  their  branches  in  Kansas,  and  324  separators  in 
Nebraska  factories  and  branches.  Vermont  is  another  example  of  a 
largely  increased  factory  production,  apparently  out  of  proportion  to 
the  number  of  new  establishments.  Consolidation  and  large  companies 
with  branches  explain  the  facts  there  also.  Vermont  reported  184 
skimming  stations  in  operation  in  1900,  and  382  power  separators  in 
use  by  the  creameries  of  that  State  and  their  stations  or  branches. 

AVERAGE   PRODUCT   OF   FACTORIES. 

There  is  much  difference  in  the  size  of  the  factories  in  the  several 
States.  In  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  the  creameries  are  small,  the 
average  annual  product  being,  respectively,  57,000  and  59,000  pounds 
of  butter.  In  Illinois  and  Minnesota  the  average  is  72,000  and  75,000 


STATISTICS    OF    THE    DAIRY.  33 

pounds,  respectively,  and  in  Wisconsin  91,000  pounds.  In  Iowa  they 
are  larger,  with  an  annual  output  of  104,000  pounds.  Vermont  and 
Kansas  show  the  influence  of  a  few  large  establishments  by  raising  the 
average  to  121,000  and  133,000  pounds,  respectively.  Some  of  the  large 
creameries  make  from  2,000,000  to  4,000,000  pounds  of  butter  a  year. 
For  the  entire  country  the  average  product  of  a  creamery  for  a  year  is 
71,730  pounds  of  butter.  Similar  differences  exist  among  the  cheese 
factories;  the  largest  are  in  New  York,  where  the  average  product  is 
97,000  pounds  a  }'ear,  and  in  Wisconsin,  where  there  are  many  small 
factories,  the  average  is  brought  down  to  61,0oo  pounds.  In  Michigan 
and  Pennsylvania  the  average  is  75,000  or  76,000  pounds.  The  annual 
product  of  the  average  cheese  factory  for  the  whole  country  is  a  little 
larger  than  for  the  average  creamery,  or  nearly  73,000  pounds.  A 
few  report  the  production  of  500,000  to  1,500,000  pounds  a  year. 
(The  round  numbers  given  are  approximately  correct,  due  allowance 
being  made  for  some  factories  which  can  not  properly  be  included.) 
It  must  be  remembered,  however,  that  this  represents  only  730,000 
pounds  of  milk  used  by  the  average  cheese  factory  in  a  year,  while  the 
average  creamery  requires  over  1.500,000  pounds  of  milk  for  its 
annual  product  of  butter.  This  does  not  indicate  that  twice  as  many 
cows  are  necessary*  to  support  a  creamery  as  for  a  cheese  factory, 
because,  as  a  rule,  the  latter  is  in  operation  only  during  the  pasturage 
season,  or  about  half  the  year,  while  in  most  cases  the  creamery  makes 
butter  the  entire  year.  In  fact,  the  average  creamery  represents, 
while  in  operation,  the  milk  from  450  cows,  and  the  average  cheese 
factory  300  or  more  cows.  In  the  aggregate,  the  creameries  of  the 
United  States  appear  to  use  all  the  milk  from  about  2,600,000  cows 
throughout  the  year,  or  an  average  of  160  pounds  of  butter  per  cow, 
and  the  cheese  factories  use  the  milk  from  1, 130.000  cows  for  half  the 
year,  representing  an  average  product  of  250  pounds  of  cheese  in  six 
months. 

CREAMERIES   AND   THEIR   PRODUCTS. 

The  creamery  S3'stem  was  introduced  east  of  the  Hudson  River  but 
little  more  than  twenty  years  ago,  upon  what  was  known  as  the 
"'cream-gathering'''  plan.  This  was  a  popular  form  of  creamery 
management  in  some  Western  States  and  in  parts  of  the  Middle  States 
from  1876  or  1878  until  after  1890.  Under  this  plan  the  cream  was 
separated  by  gravity  (or  ''setting")  on  the  producing  farms,  skimmed 
there,  and  the  cream  only  went  to  the  creamery,  being  usually  col- 
lected daily  by  agents,  or  gatherers,  from  the  factory,  whence  the 
name.  The  dairy  centrifuge,  or  cream  separator,  made  its  appear- 
ance in  America  in  the  year  1879,  and  has  revolutionized  dairy  and 
creamery  management.  The  popularity  of  this  machine  for  mechan- 
ical skimming  or  separation  of  cream  dates  from  about  1885,  and  since 
14818— No.  55—04- 


34  BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 

that  time  ''the  separator  plan"  has  been  adopted  by  practically  all 
new  factories  and  has  rapidly  replaced  the  cream-gathering1  plan  in 
established  creameries.  The  separator,  operated  by  power,  has  been 
placed  at  the  creamery  and  at  its  branches  or  separating  stations;  the 
milk  for  butter  has  been  hauled  daily  to  these  places  to  be  there 
creamed  or  separated.  This  radical  change  of  management  accounts 
for  the  decrease  in  cream  as  a  ''material"  received  by  the  creameries, 
and  partly  for  the  increased  quantity  of  milk  so  received. 

That  cream-gathering  creameries  have  not  ceased  to  exist  is  evident 
from  the  quantity  of  cream  still  included  in  the  creamery  receipts  of 
"material."  There  were  203,673,958  pounds  reported  for  1900;  of 
this,  63,308,057  pounds  (7,720,568  gallons)  were  sold  by  the  cream- 
eries, leaving  1-10,365,301  pounds,  or  enough  to  make  40,000,000 
pounds  of  butter,  being  almost  10  per  cent  of  the  entire  creamery  out- 
put. Iowa  is  a  good  example,  although  not  a  strong  cream-gathering 
State.  It  is  known  that  10  per  cent  of  all  creameries  in  Iowa  are 
conducted  on  the  gathered-cream  plan,  and  7  per  cent  in  addition 
combine  this  plan  with  that  of  receiving  whole  milk  to  be  separated  at 
the  creamery. 

CREAMERY    MATERIALS    AND    EQUIPMENT. 

The  large  quantity  of  cream  still  appearing  as  raw  material  at  the 
creameries  is  indicative  of  another  change  in  system  and  suggestive  of 
another  great  dairy  invention.  The  centrifugal  cream  separator  was 
introduced  and  generally  adopted  in  large  sizes,  requiring  steam 
power,  and  of  such  capacity  that  one  machine,  operated  a  few  hours 
every  morning,  could  cream  the  milk  from  several  hundred  cows. 
One  powerful  separator  is  therefore  the  usual  equipment  of  a  creamery 
and  does  the  work  for  a  whole  neighborhood.  It  has  been  found  that 
the  labor  and  expenses  of  daily  hauling  the  entire  milk  product  of 
patrons'  farms  to  the  creamery,  often  several  miles  distant,  is  too  great 
a  tax  upon  the  industry.  A  movement  toward  relief  to  the  patrons, 
and  economy  to  creamery  management,  has  been  the  establishment  of 
neighborhood  ''  skimming  stations,"  equipped  only  with  separator  and 
power  to  operate  it,  as  branches  of  the  central  plant.  From  these 
stations  the  cream  is  transported  to  the  parent  butter-making  factory. 
These  centrifugal  separators  in  use  by  creameries  were  first  enumerated 
for  the  present  census;  also,  for  the  tirst  time,  the  branch  factories  or 
separating,  or  skimming  stations.  There  were  returned  9,701  separa- 
tors, and  2,719  branch  stations  of  all  kinds.  While  cheese  factories 
sometimes  have  branches  of  the  parent  establishment,  they  do  not  have 
separating,  or  skimming  stations;  all  the  latter  class  of  subsidiary 
establishments  may  therefore  be  taken  as  belonging  to  creameries, 
and  a  part  of  the  other  branch  factories.  Hence,  if  to  the  5,571 
creameries  there  be  added  2,050  skimming  stations  and  69  other 


STATISTICS    OF    THE    DAIRY.  35 

branches,  7,690  establishments  are  found  having  use  for  separators. 
Over  2,000  creameries,  therefore,  use  two  or  more  separators.  The 
exact  number  still  operated  without  the  centrifuge,  or  upon  the  old 
cream-gathering  plan,  remains  undetermined. 

The  new  elements  influencing  modification  in  the  creameiy  system 
are  the  invention  of  what  is  known  as  the  Babcock  fat  test  for  milk 
and  the  adoption  of  the  farm  separator  in  sizes  for  either  hand  or 
power.  Milk  delivered  at  creameries  and  cheese  factories  is  now  gen- 
erally tested  and  paid  for  on  the  basis  of  its  fat  content  or  butter- 
making  value.  Farm  and  creamery  methods  are  so  much  simplified 
by  these  improvements  that  many  daily  farmers  are  procuring  private 
separators.  The  State  dairy  commissioner  of  Iowa  reports  904  farm 
separators  owned  by  patrons  of  creameries  in  1898,  1,762  in  1899, 
3,332  in  1900,  5,231  in  1901,  8,323  in  1902,  and  16,800  in  1903.  This 
new  form  of  the  "cream-gathering  plan"  is  rapidly  extending;  cream 
again  forms  a  large  share  of  the  raw  material  received  at  the  factories 
for  butter  making,  and  the  next  census  will  probably  show,  instead  of 
a  decrease,  a  very  considerable  increase  in  this  item. 


CREAMERY    PRODUCTS. 


The  quantity  of  butter  made  at  creameries  has  been  reported  under 
two  heads — "packed  solid"  and  "prints  or  rolls."  It  appears  that  of 
all  creamery  butter,  328,956,590  pounds,  or  78.3  per  cent,  is  packed 
in  solid  form,  and  91,169,956  pounds,  or  21.7  per  cent,  as  prints  or 
rolls.  The  totals  of  these  two  forms  in  the  several  States  indicate 
differences  in  the  market  requirements  and  the  local  customs  as  to 
preparing  butter  for  shipment  and  sale.  In  the  New  England  States, 
the  numerous  cities  and  large  towns,  easy  of  access,  furnish  markets 
where  butter  can  be  sold  directly  to  retail  dealers  and  largely  to  con- 
sumers; for  this  purpose  it  is  prepared  in  lumps,  bricks,  or  prints, 
weighing  a  half  pound  or  a  pound.  Vermont  exeepted,  the  cream- 
eries of  these  States  make  twice  as  much  butter  into  prints  as  they 
pack  in  solid  form.  In  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut,  with  consuming 
markets  at  their  doors,  8  pounds  of  creamery  butter  are  put  into 
prints  to  every  pound  packed.  In  Vermont,  on  the  contrary,  with 
little  local  demand  and  the  necessity  of  shipping  to  market,  about  one- 
fourth  of  the  creamery  butter  is  made  into  prints.  New  York  has 
always  been  in  the  habit  of  packing  butter  solidly  in  firkins,  tubs,  or 
IM>XOS,  and  print  butter  is  rather  exceptional  in  the  great  market  of 
Now  York  City;  in  this  State,  therefore,  44  pounds  of  butter  are 
packed  to  1  pound  put  in  prints.  The  Philadelphia  market,  on  the 
contrary,  and  Pennsylvania  markets  in  general,  have  always  been 
noted  for  print  butter;  consequently  it  is  not  surprising  to  find  that 
the  creameries  of  this  State  report  almost  twice  as  much  made  into 
prints  as  the  quantity  solid  packed.  From  Iowa,  Wisconsin,  and 


36  BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 

Minnesota,  butter  must  be  sent  long  distances  to  market,  and  naturally 
goes  mainly  in  bulk:  less  than  one-eighteenth  of  the  creamery  product 
in  the.se  States  is  made  into  prints.  South  Dakota,  even  more  remote 
from  market,  packs  90  per  cent  of  its  creamery  butter  in  solid  form. 
But  upon  the  Pacific  coast,  local  custom  favors  butter  in  rolls  of  2 
pounds  weight;  accordingly,  in  the  States  of  California,  Oregon,  and 
Washington  three-fourths  of  all  the  butter  made  at  creameries  is 
reported  to  be  in  prints  or  rolls. 


IH'TTER    PRICES. 


Creameries  which  are  able  to  market  butter  in  the  form  of  prints  or 
rolls  generally  derive  a  benefit  therefrom.  Although  extra  labor  is 
required  to  prepare  butter  in  this  way,  and  packages  and  transporta- 
tion for  it  cost  rather  more,  it  is  a  retail  form,  attractive,  brings  a 
higher  price,  and  can  be  sold  more  directly  to  the  consumer,  saving 
the  commissions  of  the  middlemen.  The  average  price  obtained  for 
all  butter,  as  reported  by  the  creameries  for  the  census  year,  was  very 
nearly  20.1  cents  per  pound.  The  average  for  that  solid  packed,  for 
the  whole  countiy,  was  19.4  cents,  and  for  the  prints  or  rolls  22.1 
cents.  The  advantage  of  nearby  markets  is  shown  by  these  average 
prices  for  print  butter:  Connecticut,  24.6  cents  per  pound:  Massachu- 
setts, 23.5  cents;  and  Pennsylvania,  23.4  cents.  For  California  cream- 
ery rolls  the  average  is  22.3  cents.  Contrasted  with  these  is  the 
average  price  for  the  packed,  or  tub,  butter  of  Iowa,  Minnesota,  and 
Wisconsin  creameries,  19  cents;  18  cents  for  Nebraska,  and  IT  for 
Kansas. 

RICHNESS    OF    MILK,     OR    BrTTER    RATIO. 

Assuming  the  substantial  accuracy  of  the  returns  from  creameries 
of  milk  and  cream  received  for  making  butter,  and  of  the  butter  made 
from  it,  interesting  computations  can  be  made  of  the  ratio  of  milk  to 
butter  in  the  country  at  large  and  the  several  States.  The  results 
illustrate  the  difference  in  the  average  richness  of  milk  in  different 
States.  The  nearest  quarter-pound  obtained  in  each  calculation  is 
taken  as  quite  accurate  enough  for  purposes  of  comparison.  It  is 
thus  found  that  creameries  of  the  United  States  require  on  the  aver- 
age 22^  pounds  of  milk,  or  its  equivalent  in  cream,  to  make  1  pound 
of  merchantable  butter.  New  York  appears  to  have  the  richest  milk 
of  any  of  the  leading  dairy  States,  its  creameries  making  1  pound  of 
butter  from  every  21  pounds  of  milk  received.  New  Hampshire 
stands  second,  with  a  ratio  of  21i  to  1;  and  California  third,  21£  to  1. 
Minnesota,  Pennsylvania,  and  Wisconsin  are  alike,  showing  22  pounds 
as  the  average;  then  Illinois  22i,  Kansas  and  Vermont  23i,  and  Iowa 
24  pounds.  These  ten  States  suffice  for  illustration.  The  results  can 
not  be  accepted  as  absolutely  accurate;  it  is  probable  that  the  average 


STATISTICS    OF   THE    DAIRY.  37 

pounds  of  milk  stated  for  the  country  at  large,  and  for  most  of  the 
States  named,  is  somewhat  below  the  truth.  For  the  United  States 
the  ratio  stated  would  indicate  all  milk  contributed  to  creameries  to 
have  an  average  of  3.81  per  cent  of  butter  fat.  For  New  York  the 
average  would  have  to  be  4.08  per  cent  fat.  It  is  not  likely  that  the 
average  richness  of  milk  is  so  great  as  this.  Nor  is  it  probable  that 
there  is  so  great  a  difference  between  New  Hampshire  (and  New  York) 
and  Vermont  in  this  respect.  The  comparison  between  Minnesota 
and  Wisconsin,  Illinois  and  Iowa,  is  believed  to  be  correct;  Wisconsin 
has  large  holdings  of  "'special  purpose  cows"  which  give  rich  milk, 
and  the  same  is  true  of  Minnesota  to  a  considerable  degree;  while  in 
Iowa  the  ';  general  purpose  cow"  is  popular,  giving  less  milk  and 
poorer  in  butter  quality. 

If,  instead  of  the  above,  '2  >  pounds  of  milk  is  assumed  as  the  required 
average  for  the  whole  country  to  make  a  pound  of  creamery  butter, 
this  would  necessitate  milk  with  an  average  of  3.7:267  per  cent  of  but- 
ter fat.  No  State  has  dared  to  fix  a  legal  standard  so  high  as  this  for 
milk  produced  within  its  borders,  and  only  one  has  a  standard  above 
3.5  per  cent. 

CREAM    SALES. 

The  returns  of  creamery  products  give  evidence  that  the  sale  of 
cream  has  become  a  large  and  profitable  branch  of  the  business  in 
some  States.  The  creameries  of  New  York,  Illinois,  Ohio,  and  Penn- 
sylvania made  sales  of  cream,  respectively,  as  follows:  1,492,926 
gallons  at  53  cents,  1,190,125  gallons  at  56  cents,  787,331  gallons  at 
50  cents,  and  686,316  gallons  at  58  cents.  A  different  and  notable 
case  is  that  of  the  State  of  Maine;  its  creameries  sold  755,845  gallons 
of  cream  at  71  cents  a  gallon,  or  $534,295,  and  this  was  considered 
more  than  half  as  much  as  the  total  butter  sales  of  the  State.  No 
other  State  sold  as  much  as  500,000  gallons.  The  quantity  of  cream 
reported  as  sold  by  all  the  creameries  of  the  country  was  7,720,569 
gallons,  valued  at  $4.435,444,  or  57  cents  per  gallon;  the  profit  of  this 
branch  of  the  business  is  seen  by  the  fact  that,  at  the  average  creamery 
receipts  for  butter,  this  quantity  of  cream,  if  made  into  butter,  would 
have  realized  only  $3,438,754.  Ordinarily  the  gallon  of  cream  thus 
sold  would  be  the  equivalent  of  a  fraction  less  than  2  pounds  of  butter. 


SKIM     MII.K. 


Of  this  by-product  of  the  creameries  the  great  amount  of  2.253.494,- 
156  pounds  is  reported  as  "sold,  fed,  or  returned  to  patrons."  The 
total  value  is  given  at  $2,531,460,  or  11.23  cents  per  100  pounds. 
Skim  milk  is  actually  worth  twice  as  much  as  this  to  farmers  who  use 
it  judiciously  as  food  for  young  stock.  But  commercially  it  is  worth 
less,  or  about  lo  cents  per  100  pounds;  this  is  the  usual  price  allowed 
to  patrons  who  sell  it  to  the  creameries  for  conversion  into  casein. 


38  BUKEAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


DRIKJ)    CASEIN. 


A  comparatively  new  branch  of  the  dairy  industry,  which  has  acquired 
importance  enough  to  be  observed,  is  the  production  of  commercial 
casein  from  the  skim  milk  of  creameries.  Milk  from  which  all  the 
fat  has  been  extracted  by  the  separator  is  coagulated  by  acid,  the  whey 
drawn  off,  the  acid  washed  from  the  curd,  or  casein,  then  dried.  The 
desiccated  product  has  a  commercial  value  of  3  to  5  cents  per  pound 
at  the  creameries  where  made,  depending  largely  upon  subsequent 
cost  of  transportation,  and  is  used  for  making  a  glue  good  for  paper 
sizing,  as  a  binder  for  cheap  paint,  a  ''filler''  for  dressing  wood  and 
hea\y  fabrics,  and  for  various  other  purposes.  The  statistics  of 
creamery  products  show  12,298, -105  pounds  of  this  material  made 
during  the  census  year,  having  a  value,  at  the  creameries,  of  $383,581, 
or  only  a  little  more  than  3  cents  a  pound.  The  State  of  New  York 
produced  more  than  half  the  total  quantity,  and  Pennsylvania  and 
Illinois  are  the  only  others  in  which  over  1,000,000  pounds  were  made. 

CHEESE    FACTORIES   AND   THEIR   PRODUCTS. 

The  management  of  the  cheese  factory  is  in  some  respects  similar  to 
that  of  the  creamery.  Patrons  deliver  at  the  factory  daily  the  whole 
milk  while  still  sweet  and  sound,  and  it  is  made  into  cheese  without 
delay.  Cheese  is  usually  the  only  commercial  product  of  the  factory, 
and  the  only  waste  product  is  whey.  The  latter  ma}'  be  returned  to 
patrons,  or  fed  to  hogs  at  the  factory,  or  sold  to  be  used  as  the  mate- 
rial for  making  sugar  of  milk.  For  a  score  of  years  or  more  after 
these  factories  became  numerous,  the  cheese  from  them,  although  dif- 
ferent in  form,  size,  color,  and  quality,  was  nearly  all  made  upon  the 
same  general  plan,  closely  resembling  that  of  the  English  Cheddar. 
Hence  a  certain  uniformity  of  type  was  established  which  became 
known  as  the  "standard  American"  or  "full-cream  facto ry"  cheese, 
also  often  called  Cheddar.  During  the  last  ten  or  twenty  years,  how- 
ever, a  much  greater  variety  has  entered  into  the  factory  cheese;  this 
is  chiefly  the  result  of  imitating  certain  popular  foreign  kinds.  The 
recent  census  has,  for  the  first  time,  attempted  to  classify  the  factory 
product.  It  appears  that  the  3,585  cheese  factories  of  the  United 
States  report  a  total  production  of  281,972,324  pounds  of  cheese  during 
the  census  3'ear  (as  against  238,035,065  pounds  reported  in  1890),  and 
that  225,776,105  pounds  was  of  the  American  standard  factory  kind, 
and  56,196,219  pounds,  or  20  per  cent,  of  the  several  other  varieties. 

The  great  cheese  factory  States  are  the  same  as  at  the  time  of  the 
Eleventh  Census,  as  has  been  already  noted.  In  New  York,  89.2  per 
cent  of  the  product  is  of  the  standard,  full-cream,  Cheddar-made 
variety,  and  this  kind  preponderates  in  Ohio,  Michigan,  and  Pennsyl- 
vania; these  are  the  oldest  cheese-making  States.  In  Wisconsin  the 
77,748,680  pounds  is  divided  as  follows:  American  standard,  62.1  per 


STATISTICS    OF    THE    DAIKY.  39 

cent,  and  the  other  kinds,  37.9  per  cent.  In  Illinois,  however,  the 
standard  is  exceeded  in  quantity  by  the  others — ±,324,461  pounds  of 
the  former  to  -4,730,658  pounds  of  the  latter.  These  ''other  kinds" 
comprise  various  well-known  foreign  varieties,  those  made  in  large 
quantity  being  mainly  the  Swiss  Grivyere.  or  Emmenthaler,  and  the 
Lirnburger;  there  are  also  some  resembling  one  or  both  of  these, 
especially  the  "Brick"  cheese.  The  NeufcMtel  and  cream  cheese,  the 
Brie  and  Camembert,  are  also  made  in  considerable  quantities.  The 
value  of  cheese  at  the  factory  is  reported  as  averaging  nearly  9.5  cents 
a  pound,  being  a  little  more  for  the  standard  varietj-  than  the  average 
for  all  other  kinds. 

WHEY. 

The  quantity  of  whey  reported  as  the  waste  product  of  cheese  fac- 
tories is  209,067,667  pounds,  but  this  had  a  value  of  only  £204, 27 7;  it 
appears  that  of  this  only  21.3  per  cent  was  sold  and  the  rest  "used"' 
or  returned  to  the  patrons.  As  milk  sugar  is  the  sole  commercial 
product  for  which  whey  is  utilized  in  this  country,  it  is  probable  that 
all  reported  sold  was  for  that  purpose.  The  quantity  of  sugar  of  milk 
manufactured  was  not  ascertained;  there  are  only  three  or  four  places 
in  the  United  States  where  this  article  is  made,  and  yet  it  is  produced 
here  in  greater  quantity  than  anywhere  elsp  in  the  world. 

MILK    CONDENSERIES   AND    THEIR    PRODUCTS. 

The  condensed-milk  industry  was  started  about  the  same  time  as  the 
factory  system  for  making  butter  and  cheese.  Some  method  had  long 
been  sought  for  preserving  milk,  but  none  was  successful  until  the 
invention  of  Gail  Borden.  After  ten  years  of  experimenting,  he 
decided  that  a  semiliquid  state  was  the  best  form  of  .preservation,  and 
in  1856  settled  upon  the  process  which  ha.>  since  popularized  the  prod- 
uct in  even-  quarter  of  the  globe.  The  present  extensive  industry  in 
Europe  as  well  as  in  America,  with  its  numerous  different  establish- 
ments and  many  commercial  names,  or  brands,  is  based  upon  Mr. 
Borden's  methods.  This  applies  to  the  unsweetened  article  as  well  as 
that  preserved  with  sugar,  for  "plain  condensed  milk"  was  first  intro- 
duced and  put  upon  the  market  about  the  year  IS61.  It  was  then 
mainly  in  open  vessels  and  intended  for  early  use.  Between  I860  and 
1x70,  milk  in  both  forms  had  become  well  known,  and  four  or  five 
factories  were  in  operation,  each  producing  about  five  thousand 
l-|>ound  cans  per  day. 

Prior  to  the  Twelfth  Census,  the  statistics  of  this  industry  were 
few:  In  18SO,  the  total  annual  product  was  reported  as  13.033,267 
pounds,  valued  at  $1, 547,58s,  and  ten  years  later  the  same  items  were 
37,926,821  pounds,  valued  at  $3,5*6,927.  For  1890,  the  total  materials 
rej>orted  as  used  cost  $2,792,08(5,  and  included  83,617,655  pounds  of 


40  BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 

milk  and  13,372,365  pounds  of  sugar.     There  is  little  doubt  that  these 
figures  were  considerably  below  the  actual  facts. 

It  now  appears  that  in  the  year  1900  there  were  50  establishments 
for  condensing  milk,  operating  in  1-1  different  States,  with  a  business 
shown  by  the  following  aggregates: 

Milk  bought  (421, 378, 073  pounds) $4, 662,  437 

Sugar  bought  (50,  873,  859  pounds) 2,  589,  687 

Cans,  labels,  etc 1, 654,  897 


Materials  used,  aggregate  cost 8,  907,  021 


Condensed  milk  (186,  921,  787  pounds) 11,  888,  792 

Other  and  incidental  products 33,  680 

Products,  aggregate  value 11,  922, 472 

The  two  States  of  New  York  and  Illinois  contain  more  than  half  of 
the  condenseries  reported,  and  produce  over  three-fourths  of  the  entire 
output.  Eleven  States  each  produced  over  1,000,000  pounds  of  con- 
densed milk  during  the  census  }Tear.  Arranged  in  the  order  of  great- 
est product,  they  were  these  (the  figures  following  the  names  indicate 
the  number  of  condenseries  from  which  statistics  were  obtained;  the 
number  of  these  establishments,  with  the  position  of  the  State  in  this 
list,  give  a  fair  idea  of  the  relative  size  and  importance  of  the  condens- 
eries): Xew  York  (16),  Illinois  (11),  Michigan  (4),  California  (2),  Wis- 
consin (4),  Pennsylvania  (3),  New  Hampshire  (1),  Maine  (1),  Vermont 
(2),  Washington  (1),  and  New  Jersey  (1).  The  total  product  in 
New  York  was  75,44/7,14:8  pounds,  followed  closely  by  Illinois,  with 
71,257,449.  As  the  latter  State  has  only  11  factories,  while  the  former 
has  16,  the  size  of  those  in  Illinois  must  be  relatively  larger.  Michigan 
made  18,378,869  pounds  of  condensed  milk,  but  no  other  State  in  the 
above  list  made  as  much  as  5,000,000  pounds.  Missouri,  Indiana, 
Kansas,  and  Ohio,  with  one  condensery  each,  produced  from  380,500 
to  100,000  pounds. 

Of  the  50  establishments  reported,  38  had  condensed  milk  as  their 
only  product;  11  made  butter  also.  The  latter  class  is  highly  suggest- 
ive of  a  skimmed  or  partly  skimmed  article  of  milk  being  condensed. 
Five  of  these  factories  are  in  Illinois  and  3  in  New  York.  One  factory 
in  New  York  made  both  cheese  and  condensed  milk,  and  one  in  Illinois 
made  both  of  these  articles  and  butter  also. 

There  are  several  interesting  items  in  the  statistics  of  this  indus- 
try. Although  a  considerable  but  unknown  part  of  the  product  is  the 
plain  or  unsweetened  article,  the  sugar  used  for  the  remainder  costs 
more  than  half  as  much  as  all  of  the  milk  condensed  and  preserved. 
The  materials  have  a  total  value  of  $8,907,021,  and  that  of  the  finished 
product  is  $11,922,472  for  the  whole  country.  But  the  cost  of  manu- 
facture includes,  besides  the  materials,  the  use  and  wear  and  tear  of 
the  factories,  with  their  expensive  machinery  and  general  equipment, 


STATISTICS    OF    THE    DAIRY.  41 

and  the  wages  of  many  skilled  employees.  The  value  of  the  con- 
densed milk  at  the  factories  appears  to  average  a  little  over  Oi  cents 
per  pound  in  cans.  There  is  a  variation  between  6  and  T  cents  in  dif- 
ferent States,  which  is  easily  accounted  for.  In  some  the  proportion 
of  unsweetened  milk  is  much  greater  and  the  cost  and  value  corre- 
spondingly less.  The  quality  of  milk  and  of  condensed  product  is 
very  much  better  in  some  cases  than  in  others,  and  the  consequent 
cost  and  value  are  more.  Under  the  general  designation  of  "con- 
densed milk"  are  included  all  the  preparations  of  milk  from  which  a 
large  part  of  the  water  has  been  evaporated,  including  sweetened  and 
unsweetened  "condensed  milk,"  "evaporated  milk,"  "condensed 
cream,"  and  "evaporated  cream."  These  names  are  rather  indis- 
criminately used,  as  cream  or  even  enriched  milk  is  seldom  condensed 
or  evaporated,  while  it  is  unfortunately  true,  on  the  other  hand,  that 
much  poor  and  skimmed  milk  is  condensed  without  being  so  marked 
or  named. 

MILK  PRICES. 

The  census  returns  of  the  prices  to  patrons  for  milk  are  probably 
not  altogether  reliable,  although  the}'  can  not  be  far  from  the  truth. 
It  appears  that  for  the  census  year  the  average  price  paid  to  pro- 
ducers delivering  milk  to  butter  factories  was  TT  cents  per  loo  pounds, 
while  cheese  factories  paid  an  average  of  78  cents  and  condensed-milk 
factories  $1.11.  According  to  the  returns,  the  prices  for  milk  for 
making  butter  ranged  from  64  and  05  cents  per  loo  pounds  in  Kansas, 
South  Dakota,  Utah,  and  Wyoming,  and  TT  cents  (the  average)  in 
Illinois  and  Iowa,  to  S'2  cents  in  New  York,  86  (average)  in  California, 
Oregon,  and  Washington,  !>o  in  Pennsylvania,  93  in  New  Hampshire, 
95  in  Massachusetts,  and  $1.08  in  Connecticut.  For  cheese  making, 
the  factories  paid  an  average  of  8(!  cents  per  100  pounds  for  milk  in 
California,  83  cents  in  New  York,  TO  in  Michigan,  74  in  Wisconsin, 
and  72  in  Ohio.  Condenseries  are  reported  as  paying  !>6  cents  per 
100  pounds  for.milk  in  Illinois.  $1.14  in  California,  $1.15  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  $1.35  in  New  York. 

A<;<JRE(!ATE    PRODUCTION    OF    1JUTTKR    AND    CHEESE. 

The  total  of  1,071,745,127  pounds  of  butter  made  on  farms  and 
420,1)54,010  pounds  in  creameries  (including  urban  establishments) 
give  an  aggregate  production  of  1,4J)2,OJW,143  pounds  of  butter  in  the 
United  States  for  the  last  census  year;  and  the  census  authorities 
estimate  that  in  addition  more  than  50.0O(l,0()o  pounds  were  actually 
made  which  escaped  the  returns. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that,  while  the  extension  of  the  associated 
system  has  been  such  as  to  raise  apparently  the  product  of  the  cream- 
eries during  the  decade  of  1S!)O-1'.)00  from  15.2  to  28.2  per  cent  of 


42  BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 

the  entire  quantity  of  butter  made  in  this  country,  the  portion 
reported  from  farms  has  increased  less  than  50,000,000  pounds,  and 
has  relatively  decreased  from  81. 8  per  cent  of  the  whole  to  71.8  per 
cent. 

This  aggregate  annual  production  of  butter  is  at  the  rate  of  502 
pounds  to  every  square  mile  of  land  area  in  the  United  States,  exclu- 
sive of  Alaska,  and  furnishes  a  supply  of  19.57  pounds  per  capita  of 
the  population,  being  14.06  pounds  of  farm  dairy  butter  and  5.51 
pounds  of  creamery  butter.  According  to  the  Eleventh  Census  the 
per  capita  supply  was  16.33  pounds  from  the  farm  and  2.91  pounds 
from  the  factory,  or  19.24  pounds  in  all.  In  1880  the  supply  was 
15.50  and  0.58  pounds,  or  16.08  per  unit  of  population.  In  other 
census  years  the  returns  show,  for  1870,  a  supply  of  13.33  pounds  per 
capita;  for  1860,  14.62  pounds;  and  for  1850,  13.51  pounds. 

As  a  rule  the  States  producing  the  greatest  quantities  of  butter  in 
factories  are  also  those  in  which  the  quantities  made  on  farms  are 
greatest.  Ohio  is  a  notable  exception;  it  produced  79,551,299  pounds 
of  butter  on  farms,  which  is  more  than  any  other  State,  while  its 
creamery  product  was  comparatively  small,  being  only  8,117,321 
pounds.  By  combining  the  products  of  farm  and  factory  the  live 
States  which  lead  all  the  others  in  total  butter  produced  appear  as 
follows:  Iowa  stands  first,  with  139,022,552  pounds,  and  then  follow 
New  York.  115,606,980  pounds;  Pennsylvania,  111,394,966  pounds; 
Wisconsin,  106,573,740  pounds;  and  Illinois,  86,600,162  pounds.  In 
Iowa  and  Wisconsin  creameries  produced  more  than  farms,  but  in 
Pennsylvania,  New  York,  and  Illinois  the  reverse  was  true.  Accord- 
ing to  the  Eleventh  Census  the  five  States  showing  the  greatest  pro- 
duction of  butter  were  Iowa,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Illinois,  and 
Ohio;  Wisconsin  held  the  sixth  place. 

Of  cheese,  the  total  production  on  farms,  for  the  last  census  year, 
was  16,372,330  pounds,  and  in  factories  (of  all  kinds)  it  was  282,634,488 
pounds,  or  an  aggregate  of  299,006,818  pounds.  Compared  with  the 
reports  of  the  Eleventh  Census,  the  total  made  on  the  farm  has 
decreased  and  the  total  factory  product  has  increased.  But  although 
the  increase  for  the  decade  appears  to  have  been  42,000,000  pounds, 
the  returns  in  1890  are  known  to  have  been  so  incomplete  that  it  is 
altogether  probable  that  as  much  cheese,  if  not  more,  was  then  made 
in  this  country  as  in  the  year  1900  or  at  the  present  time.  The  total 
supply  appears  to  have  been  at  the  rate  of  4.1  pounds  in  1890  and  3.9 
pounds  in  1900  per  capita  of  the  population. 

The  transfer  of  this  branch  of  the  dairy  industry  from  farm  to  fac- 
tor}*, which  has  been  so  notable  from  the  time  the  associated  system 
became  known,  and  which  has  been  even  more  marked  in  regard  to 
cheese  than  butter,  seems  to  be  steadily  progressing.  The  Eleventh 
Census  gave  the  farm-made  cheese  as  7.25  per  cent  of  the  total  prod- 


STATISTICS   OF    THE    DAIRY.  43 

uct,  and  the  Twelfth  Census  gives  this  portion  as  only  5.5  per  cent. 
Besides  this,  cheese  manufacture,  so  far  as  large  operations  are  con- 
cerned, seems  to  be  concentrating  in  certain  regions.  The  ten  States 
reported  in  1890  as  leading  in  total  cheese  production  were  New  York, 
Wisconsin,  Ohio,  Illinois,  Vermont,  Iowa.  Pennsylvania.  Michigan, 
California,  and  Minnesota.  Of  these  the  first  three  named  still  stand 
at  the  head  and  in  the  same  order;  all  show  a  somewhat  increased 
product  during  the  decade.  Pennsylvania  and  Michigan  now  come 
next.  These  five  are  the  only  States  each  credited  with  more  than 
10,000,000  pounds  of  cheese  in  1900.  California  has  the  sixth  place 
with  a  product  of  (5,916,131  pounds,  which  is  an  increase.  The  other 
four  States,  although  following  in  the  order  above  named,  all  show 
decreased  production.  The  cheese  factories  in  these  same  States 
in  1900  (including  establishments  making  some  butter  also)  num- 
bered as  follows:  New  York,  1,274;  Wisconsin,  1,286;  Ohio,  320; 
Pennsylvania,  140;  Michigan,  135;  California,  32;  Illinois,  118;  Ver- 
mont, 71;  Iowa,  89;  and  Minnesota,  55;  no  other  State  had  as  many 
as  40.  It  is  further  interesting  to  note  that  Wisconsin,  Pennsylvania, 
and  California  all  report  increased  quantities  of  cheese  made  on  the 
farm,  while  in  all  the  other  States  named  there  has  been  a  falling  off 
in  this  item.  California  produced  4,249,588  pounds  of  farm-made 
cheese  in  1900,  against  2,676,543  pounds  made  in  factories;  this  is  the 
only  instance  of  the  kind  and  the  only  State  reporting  as  much  as 
3,000,000  pounds  made  on  farms.  The  State  of  Maine  furnishes  a 
good  example  of  the  changes  in  cheese-making  which  have  taken  place 
in  some  sections  during  the  last  quarter  century.  Twenty-five  years 
ago  this  State  had  60  cheese  factories  and  now  has  16.  New  York  and 
Wisconsin  continue  to  be  the  great  cheese-producing  States  of  the 
Union.  They  are  credited  for  1900  with  totals  of  130,371,034  pounds 
and  79,384,298  pounds,  respectively.  Together  they  produced 
209,755,332  pounds,  or  more  than  two-thirds  of  all  the  cheese  made 
in  the  United  States. 

The  growth  of  the  production  of  butter  and  cheese  in  the  United 
States,  as  reported  by  the  census  for  successive  decades,  together  with 
the  relative  products  of  farms  and  factories,  is  graphically  shown 
on  Plate  II,  and  the  relative  production  of  the  several  States,  or  of 
most  of  them,  with  the  division  into  farm  and  factory  products,  ma}' 
be  seen  by  the  diagram  on  Plate  III. 

AGGREGATE    VALIK    OK    TIIK     DAIHY     TKODUCTS   OF   THE    UNITED   STATES 

FOR    1900. 

From  the  foregoing  statistics,  including  values  reported  or  estimated 
for  different  products,  the  following  statement  of  the  aggregate  annual 
value  of  the  dairy  products  of  the  country  at  the  time  of  the  last  cen- 
sus is  compiled.  One  cent  per  pound,  or  approximately  2  cents  per 


44  BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 

quart,  is  assigned  to  the  value  of  milk  consumed  as  human  food,  and 
three-fourths  of  this  for  the  milk  fed  to  calves  or  similarly  used  on 
farms.  The  by-products,  which  constitute  a  considerable  sum,  include 
commercial  casein  and  sugar  of  milk  as  principal  items: 

]'(ililt'H  of  daifi/  jirailid  !K,  1900. 

Butter $263,  256,  852 

Cheese 28,  060,  362 

Condensed  milk 11,  888,  792 

Cream  Hold 4,  547,  536 

Milk  consumed 217,  512,  586 

Milk  fed  to  calves 39,  000,  000 

By-products 41,  049,  226 

Total 605,  315,  354 

To  this  aggregate  should  be  added  the  value  of  the  calves  dropped 
by  dairy  cows  during  the  year.  There  were  doubtless  nearly  18,000,000 
calves,  which  were  fairly  rated  at  $1  each  at  time  of  birth.  The  great 
aggregate  production  of  the  dairy  cows  of  the  United  States  may 
therefore  be  placed  at  $620,000,000  to  $625,000,000  per  year. 

THE    LEADING    DAIRY    STATES    OF    THE    UNION. 

In  making  a  comparison  of  the  different  States  from  a  dairy  stand- 
point, Iowa  is  conspicuous  as  a  producer  of  butter,  New  York  of 
cheese,  Wisconsin  of  both  butter  and  cheese,  New  York  again  of  mar- 
ket milk,  and  Illinois  of  condensed  milk.  With  regard  to  all  dairy 
interests  and  the  quantity  of  combined  products,  the  number  of  cows 
kept  for  milk  (with  their  relative  average  yield  and  consequently  the 
total  milk  product)  is  the  natural  basis  for  comparison.  Hence  the 
five  leading  dairy  States  should  be  named  in  this  order:  New  York, 
Iowa,  Pennsylvania,  Wisconsin,  and  Illinois.  (These  are  also  the 
States  greatest  in  associated  or  factory  dairying,  but  in  a  different 
order.)  Iowa  precedes  Wisconsin  by  reason  of  its  greater  number  of 
cows  and  aggregate  production,  and  Pennsylvania  comes  before  Wis- 
consin and  Illinois  because  of  the  relatively  better  quality  of  its  cows, 
although  fewer  in  number.  For  the  same  reason  Wisconsin,  with  less 
than  1,000,000  cows,  outranks  Illinois  with  more  than  1,000,000. 

The  same  general  subject  may  be  viewed  in  another  way.  Although 
a  certain  number  of  cows  may  be  of  such  better  capacity  as  to  produce 
more  milk  than  a  larger  number  of  animals,  it  is  also  true  that  a  less 
quantity  of  milk  and  its  products  may  have  higher  value  than  a  greater 
quantit}',  by  reason  of  accessibility  to  better  markets.  Hence  a  rea- 
sonable basis  of  comparison  is  the  aggregate  value  of  dairy  products 
other  than  those  consumed  on  the  farms.  Of  these  latter  there  are 
no  reliable  data  available  as  to  value.  The  values  of  all  butter, 
cheese,  cream,  and  condensed  milk  sold  by  factories,  and  the  values  of 
all  butter  and  cheese  sold  from  the  farms,  are  given  in  the  census 


STATISTICS    OF    THE    DAIRY. 


45 


tables.  By  obtaining  the  difference  between  the  farm  sales  of  milk 
and  cream  and  the  receipts  of  same  by  all  factories,  the  values  may  be 
found  of  such  sales  that  did  not  enter  into  manufactured  products 
previously  noted.  These  represent  approximately  the  values  of  mar- 
ket milk  and  cream.  Adding  these  values,  aggregates  are  obtained 
which  represent  the  total  products  of  the  dairy  sold  from  farms,  as 
follows:  New  York,  $53,316,712;  Pennsylvania,  $29,029,522;  Wis- 
consin, $25,793,002;  Illinois,  $23,633,960;  and  Iowa.  $22,101,777. 
New  York  exceeds  the  other  States  in  every  item  in  the  list  and 
especially  in  its  enormous  sales  of  milk  and  cream  for  consumption  in 
their  natural  form.  It  is  this  item  which  gives  Pennsylvania  the 
second  place  in  this  arrangement,  and  Illinois  a  position  before  Iowa, 
although  the  latter  has  400,000  or  500,000  more  cows  than  either  of 
the  other  two. 

IMPORTS   AND    EXPORTS    OF    DAIRY   PRODUCTS. 

Before  considering  the  supplies  of  different  dairy  products  avail- 
able for  consumption  in  the  United  States,  it  is  necessary  to  make 
proper  allowances  for  supplies  imported  from  foreign  countries  and 
for  corresponding  exports.  The  imports  and  exports  of  these  prod- 
ucts by  the  United  States  have  been  extremely  variable,  year  hy 
y ear,  and  especially  the  exports.  During  the  last  half  century  the 
quantity  of  butter  imported  has  ranged  from  29,000  pounds  in  1S99  to 
4,843,000  pounds  in  1X71.  The  range  of  exports  during  the  same 
period  has  been  from  1,324,000  pounds  in  1X69  to  39,236,000  pounds 
in  1880.  A  comparison  of  the  averages  by  decades  is  more  satisfactory 
than  the  selection  of  single  years. 

TABLK  VII.  —  Imports  ami  r.r ports  of  baiter  hi/  tin-  I'liitcd  States. 
ANNTAL  AVERAGES  BY  DECADES. 


1S.TO-1S59. 


1S70-1S7K.        ISSO-ISS'J.        1S90-1S99. 


Piniinif.  I'nuiulo.  I'otlililx.  I'dllli'h.  1'nlinilt. 

Imi>ort.«< 1,:121..>41       3, 5C>:(,  ~>vi      a,  K»l,7U3  •"><;<>,  t>o7  loo.tii 

Exports 3,257, -101     13,%0.fi(>S  '  1 1 , 5'.M.  iW       l'.t,7til.i,txn        LV-W.O. 


AXXI'AI,  AVERAGES  KoK  SINGLE  YEARS. 


1899. 


KxiN>rts 


t;i.  I'.H)  livxw 


Similar  statistics  follow  for  cheese.  The  range  of  imports  for  tiftv 
years  has  been  from  334,000  pounds  in  l,S."»o  to  IS, 875,000  juxinds  in 
1902;  and  for  exports  3,764,000  pounds  in  1X53  to  148,000,000  pounds 
in  1X81. 


46 


BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 


TABLE  VIII. — Imports  and  exports  of  cheese  !>;/  the.  United  States. 
ANNUAL  AVERAGES  BY  DECADES. 


1850-1859. 

1860-1869. 

1870-1879. 

1880-1889. 

1890-1899. 

Pounds. 

808,838 

Pounds. 
1,3-45,513 

Pounds. 
2,  785,  730 

Pounds. 
5,  946,  780 

Pounds. 
10,  054,  345 

7,603  885 

40,  -470,  2'29 

92,  966,  680 

107,  375,  584 

65,  434,  957 

ANNUAL  AVERAGES  FOR  SINGLE  YEARS. 


1S99. 

1900. 

1901. 

1902. 

Imports  .   

Pound». 

13,167,487 

Pounds. 
14,  356,  983 

Pounds. 
16,  188,  640 

Pounds. 

18,875.740 

Exports  .                         

34,686,833 

54,  059,  049 

31,396,115 

19,  095,43s 

It  should  be  noted  that  the  figures  for  imports  prior  to  1870  are  not 
reliable. 

Condensed  milk  is  both  imported  and  exported,  the  export  trade  in 
this  commodity  being  of  steady  growth.  But  the  Treasury  Depart- 
ment reports  values  only,  not  quantities.  The  best  coui'se  possible  for 
approximating  quantities  is  to  value  imports  at  10  cents  per  pound 
and  exports  at  8  cents.  Upon  this  estimate  the  following  table  is 
compiled: 

TABLE  IX. — Import.*  and  exports  of  condensed  milk. 
ANNUAL  AVERAGES  FOR  STATED  DECADES. 


1870-1879. 

1880-1889. 

1890-1899. 

Imports  .               

Pounds. 
362,  462 

Pounds. 
3,031,471 

Pounds. 
825,  390 

1  382  520 

2  670  001 

5  166  889 

ANNUAL  AVERAGES  FOR  SINGLE  CALENDAR  YEARS. 


.   1899. 

1900. 

1901. 

1902. 

Pounds. 
502  860 

Pounds. 
479  960 

Pounds. 
368  970 

Pound*. 
°44  590 

Exports  

14,850,712 

16,101  588 

20  582  237 

13  625  637 

The  imports  of  condensed  milk  have  ranged  from  182,840  pounds  in 
1875  to  6,691,850  pounds  in  1886;  the  exports,  from  181,450  pounds 
in  1864  to  20,582,237  pounds  in  1901. 

CONSUMPTION   OF   DAIRY   PRODUCTS   IN    THE    UNITED   STATES. 

It  is  a  simple  matter  to  compute  the  per  capita  consumption  of 
butter  and  cheese  in  this  country  if  the  aggregate  production  as  here- 
tofore given  is  accepted  as  correct.  To  the  aggregate  of  all  made  on 
farms  and  in  factories,  including  urban  establishments,  the  imports 


STATISTICS    OF    THE    DAIKY.  47 

must  be  added  and  the  exports  deducted.  The  products  being  re- 
ported for  the  calendar  year  of  1899,  the  imports  and  exports  must 
be  for  that  year  also.  Upon  this  basis  the  net  quantity  of  butter 
available  for  consumption  in  that  census  year  was  1,465,299,727 
pounds.  This  provided  19.6  pounds  per  annum  for  each  inhabitant, 
assuming  the  population  for  1899  to  have  been  about  75,000,000.  If, 
without  changing  this  last-named  divisor,  the  estimate  of  the  census 
officials  is  accepted  or  partly  accepted  as  to  butter  actually  made  but 
not  included  in  the  tables,  the  rate  of  consumption  per  capita  would 
be  increased  to  approximately  20£  pounds. 

In  like  manner  the  quantity  of  cheese  found  available  was  278,538,146 
pounds,  or  3.72  pounds  per  capita  of  the  population. 

A  similar  computation  may  be  made  for  condensed  milk,  the  total 
quantity  available  being  172,647,355  pounds,  or  at  the  rate  of  2.3 
pounds.  This  result  is  surprising,  but  may  be  regarded  as  approxi- 
mately correct. 

In  making  an  estimate  of  the  consumption  of  natural  milk  the 
problem  is  more  complex  and  factors  more  uncertain.  The  safest 
method  is  to  compute  the  quantity  of  milk  necessary  to  make  all  the 
butter,  cheese,  and  condensed  milk  reported,  together  witli  allowance 
made  for  feeding  calves,  and  find  the  difference  between  that  sum  and 
the  total  milk  reported  produced  on  farms,  plus  the  estimated  produc- 
tion by  cows  not  on  farms.  The  quantity  of  *'  whole"  or  unskimmed 
milk  available  for  consumption  is  thus  found  to  be  21,751,258,560 
pounds,  which  allows  290.1  pounds  per  capita  per  annum.  This  is  at 
the  rate  of  0.79  of  1  pound  of  milk  per  day,  or  a  trifle  less  than  three- 
fourths  of  a  pint.  To  this  annual  allowance  of  natural  milk  per 
inhabitant  should  be  added  the  condensed  milk  shown  by  the  last 
paragraph  to  be  used  in  this  country.  The  2.3  pounds  of  condensed 
milk  is  equivalent  to  9.2  pounds  of  fresh  milk.  Therefore  the  per 
capita  supply  of  milk  just  determined  may  be  rightly  increased  to 
299.3  pounds  per  year,  of  which  over  3  per  cent  is  in  the  condensed 
form. 

An  entirely  independent  investigation  made  during  the  past  two 
years  has  determined  the  best  possible  estimates  of  the  milk  supply, 
and  the  consumption  of  milk  per  day  per  capita  in  nearly  all  the 
cities  and  main'  of  the  large  towns  of  the  United  States.  The  health 
boards  and  officers  and  milk  inspectors  (where  employed)  have  been 
the  officials  consulted.  The  following  interesting  results  have  been 
obtained: 


ii/i'  enhmnli'il  consumption  »f  mi/1:  f>t~r  ilm/  JHT  riiftitn. 

Tint. 
In  'M  cities  having  each  a  population  exceeding  100,  (MX)  ..........   0.  til 

In  :w  cities  of  less  than  100,000  hut  over  r>0,(X)O  ...................  (« 

In  <>1  cities  of  less  than  50,000  hut  over  LVS.OOO  ....................  -SS 

In  120  cities  and  towna  of  lew  than  25,000  inhabitant*  .........        .52 


48  BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 

These  estimates  bear  evidences  of  approximate  accuracy.  For 
various  reasons  the  figures  from  the  medium-sized  cities  are  deemed 
more  accurate  than  those  from  either  the  largest  or  the  smallest.  It 
thus  appears  that  the  probable  average  consumption  of  milk  per  capita 
in  these  257  cities  and  towns  is  less  than  O.fi  pint  per  day.  After 
careful  study  and  numerous  allowances  for  errors,  0.(>  pint  is  accepted 
as  the  most  accurate  estimate.  The  population  of  these  257  cities 
aggregates  20, -til. 2(55,  or  more  than  one-fourth  of  the  entire  country. 
The  rate  of  consumption  by  the  inhabitants  of  towns  and  villages  and 
by  those  of  the  farms — we  are  still  considering  whole,  or  unskimmed, 
milk — can  not  be  much  greater  than  this.  Ten  years  ago  the  writer 
believed  that  the  rate  was  but  a  little  over  one-half  pint  per  day— 
perhaps  0.52  or  0.53  pint — for  the  entire  country.  At  present,  it  is 
believed  that  O.fi  is  a  fair  average  daily  rate  of  milk  consumption  for 
all;  and  yet,  in  concession  to  the  opinion  of  others,  a  rate  of  0.65  of  a 
pint  per  day  per  capita  is  accepted  as  possible.  This  is  practically  the 
same  as  0.7  pound. 

ESTIMATE    OF    DAIRY    COWS    AND    DAIRY    PRODUCTS    IX    THE    UNITED 

STATES.    1903. 

Based  upon  the  foregoing  statistics,  with  percentages  of  increase 
for  people  and  for  cows  conservatively  computed,  and  other  modifica- 
tions made  for  reasons  explained,  an  estimate  may  be  made  as  follows 
of  the  principal  dairy  data  of  the  country  for  the  year  1903: 

Aggregate  production  of  milk,  estimated,  for  1903. 

Pounds  of  milk. 

Product  of  19,000,000  cows,  at  3,560  pounds  each,  per  annum 67,  640,  000,  000 

Disposition  of  the  milk  product: 

1,650,000,000  pounds  of  butter  require 38,  775.  000,  000 

300,000,000  pounds  of  cheese  require 3,  000, 000,  000 

250,000,000  pounds  of  condensed  milk  require 1, 000, 000,  000 

20,000,000  gallons  of  cream  require 902, 000, 000 

15,000,000  calves,  estimated  to  consume 3, 139,  750,  000 

81,500,000  persons,  at  0.7  pound  per  day,  will  require  per  an- 
num   20, 823,  250,  000 


Total  milk  accounted  for 67,  640, 000,  000 

According  to  this  statement,  the  cows  of  the  United  States  may  be 
arbitrarily  assigned  to  productive  duty  for  the  year  1903  as  follows: 

Cows. 

For  milk,  condensed  milk,  and  cream 6,  400, 000 

For  butter  (151  \  pounds  each  per  year) 10, 900, 000 

For  cheese  (356  pounds  each  per  year) 840,  000 

For  rearing  calves 860,  000 


Total  number  of  cows,  estimated 19,  000,  000 


BULLETIN  No.  55,  B.  A. 


PLATE  I. 


14818— No.  55—0 


BULLETIN  No.  55,  B.  A.  I. 


PLATE 


CHEESE 


1850  EL 


I860 


1880 


1890 


1900 


THIS  SURFACE  REPRESENTS 
50,000, 000  POUNDS. 

BUTTER 


1850 


I860 


1870 


1880 


I 


1890 


1900 


DIAGRAM  SHOWING  CHEESE  AND  BUTTER  PRODUCTION,  Six  CENSUS  YEARS.. 
[Factory  and  creamery  production  art-  shaded.] 


BULLETIN  No.  55,  6.  A.  I. 


PLATE 


I 


2   3c 


o  ^_ 


GENERAL  AGRICULTURAL  STATISTICS. 

TABLE  X. — Form  and  dairy  statistic*  of  the  I'nlted  States. 


From  the  United  States  census  of  — 

1900.                   1890. 

1880. 

1870. 

1860.0 

Population 

70  303  387           tV>  0'>>  '»50 

50,155,783 

38,  558, 

'.71 

31,443,322 

Occupations: 

Total  persons  reported  29,  285,  922         22,  735,  601 

17,  392,  000 

Number  in  agriculture                   MO  3'>9  7fi4          8  400  ''51 

7,  670,  493 

5,922, 

171 

3.221,574 

Farms: 

Total  number  

5,  739.  704            4  504  641 

4,008,907 

2,  059, 

985 

2,044,077 

Area,  total  acres.  . 

841  ,  201  ,  54t>       023,  218,  619 

530,  081  ,  835 

407,  735, 

Ml 

407,  212,  538 

Acres  unimproved,  percent- 

age 

50.  7                     42.  6 

40.9 

£ 

;.  7 

59.9 

Average  size                   acres.. 

147                        137 

134 

153 

199 

Number  cultivated  by  owner.          3,  713,  371 

3,  269,  728 

2,984,30o'  

Number  rented  for  money.  .  .  .              752,  920 

454,  059 

322,  357 

Value    land    and    improve- 

ments, with  buildings,  etc., 

dollars  10,  074,  090,  247 

13,  279,  252,  649 

10,  197,  OiKi,  770  9.  262.  803, 

861 

0,  045,  045,  007 

Value  implements  and  ma- 

chinery    dollars..        761,  201.  550 

491,247,467 

406,  520,  055     336,  878, 

429     246,118,141 

Value  live  stock,  all  kinds. 

dollars  

3,  078,  050,  041 

2,  208,  767,  573    1  ,  500,  384  ,  707 

1,525,270, 

4571,089,329,915 

Value     farm     products,    an- 

nual <•  dollars.  . 

4,739,118,752 

2,  4tK),  107,  454    2,  21  2,  5-40,  927 

2,  447,  538, 

658 

Cattle: 

Milch  cows  on  farms,  num- 

ber   

•'17,139.674          10.511,950          12,413,120 

8,  9:55, 

",32           8,  585,  735 

All  othcrson  farms,  .number.. 

•'35,  349,  51  «          34,851.022          23,482,391 

14,.  8.85, 

270  '      17,034,284 

Cows  to  every  l.OOOof  imputation. 

r/225 

204                       218 

J32                    273 

Milk,  total   produced  on    farms, 

gallons                   

7,  260,  392,  074 

5,  209,  125,  507       530.  129,  755 

235,  500, 

599         i  n 

Butter  made  on  farms?..  pounds.  . 

1.071,745,127 

1  ,  024.  223,  408        777,  250.  287 

511,092.683     459,681,372 

Cheese  made  on  farms!/  do  16.  372,  330 

1  8.  720.  818          27.  272,  489        53.  492, 

153      103,003,927 

"The  Seventh  United  Stales  Census  (1850)  gives  the  number  of  milch  cows  0,;W5.094;  value  of  dairy 
products  for  year,  $166,193,144.  The  Sixth  United  States  Census  ( 1840)  gives  number  of  milch  cows 
4,837.043;  value,  872.555.000:  value  of  dairy  pniucts  for  year.  S120.920.075. 

b  Exclusive  of  wood  choppers,  lumbermen,  and  raftsmen. 

'•The  value  of  farm  products  for  1809  i  census  of  1870)  included  "betterments  and  additions  to 
Block,"  BO  that  in  products  only  there  was  an  actual  increase  in  1880  as  compared  with  1870.  The 
total  value  of  1890,  compared  with  1880,  showed  only  slight  increase,  although  increase  in  the  prod- 
ucts themselves  was  very  great:  rapid  decrease  in  market  prices  accounts  for  this  difference.  The 
great  increase  shown  in  1900  over  1890  may  doubtless  lie  partially  accounted  for  by  more  complete 
returns. 

''Tins  refers  to  cows  on  farms  and  ranges. 

••Kxclusive  of  15.333.099  calves  under  1  year,  ami  973,033  cows  and  OI3,:t89  oilier  animals  not  on 
farms  and  ranges. 

/  No  returns  of  milk  product  were  made  for  1*50  and  18<K>.  The  great  variation  in  the  figures  given 
results  from  these  facts:  In  1870  only  "milk  sold  from  farms"  was  reported,  thus  omitting  all  con- 
sumed on  farms  and  there  made  into  butter  and  cheese;  in  1S80  "milk  sold  or  sent  to  butter  and 
cheese  factories"  was  included,  again  excluding  ln'ine  consumption:  in  1890  and  also  in  19(XI  the 
returns  endeavored  to  show  the  total  quantity  of  milk  produced  on  farms. 

l/To  butter  ami  chee-e  made  on  farms  must  be  added  thnt  made  at  creameries  and  cheese  factories 
to  get  the  total  i>roducl  of  the  country.  (See  Table  X  III.  i  The  progressive  increase  in  the  production 
of  butter  and  cheese  in  the  United  States,  and  the  ratio  of  farm  and  factory  product,  is  graphically 
shown  by  1'late  II. 

40 


50 


BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 


TABLE  X. — Farm  and  dairy  statistics  of  the  United  States — Continued. 


From  the  United  States  census  of  — 

1900. 

1890. 

1880. 

1870. 

1860. 

Creameries,  cheese  factories,  etc.: 
Number"  

9,355 
420,954,016 

•282,634,488 
186,921,787 
36,  508,  015 
15,  693 

6,  170,  670 
109,151,205 
131,199,277 

605,  315,  354 

4,712 
181,284,916 

238,  035,  Olio 
37,  926,  821 
16,624,163 
14,921 

5,  390,  705 
51,364,574 
62,686,043 

411,976,522 

3,  932 
29,421,784 

215,885,361 
13,033,267 
9,  604,  803 
7,903 

1,546,495 
18,  363,  579 
25,  815,  963 

391,131,618 

1,313 

5 

Butter    made    in     same,  be 

Cheese    made     in     same.  &<• 
pounds          

109,  435,  229 

3,  690,  075 
4,607 

706,566 
14,  089,  284 
16,  771,  665 

360,828,000 

Condensed  milk  pounds.. 
Capital  employed  .  .  .dollars.  . 
Employees                 number.  . 

13,400 
13 

3,060 
10,  791 
23,500 

240,400,580 

Wages  paid,    annual,''   dol- 
lars   

Cost  of  materials  dollars.  . 

Total  dairy  products  of  United 
States,  e  value  dollars.  . 

aThe  establishments  reported  for  1850,  I860,  and  1870  were  all  cheese  factories.  The  figures  for  1850 
are  approximately  correct,  but  those  for  1860  are  not;  more  cheese  factories  are  known  to  have  been 
in  active  operation  in  that  year  in  the  State  of  New  York  alone.  The  number  for  1890  represents  only 
establishments  reporting;  it  is  believed  that  there  were  over  2,000  others  in  operation  that  year. 

?>To  butter  and  cheese  made  on  farms  must  be  added  that  made  at  creameries  and  cheese  factories 
to  get  the  total  product  of  the  country.  (See  Table  XIII.)  The  progressive  increase  in  the  production 
of  butter  and  cheese  in  the  United  States,  and  the  ratio  of  farm  and  factory  product,  is  graphically 
shown  by  Plate  II. 

cThe  butter  and  cheese  made  in  creameries  and  factories  in  1889  (census  of  1890)  and  also  in  1899 
(census  of  1900)  does  not  include  the  products  of  urban  establishments.  (See  Table  XIV.) 

rfThis  does  not  include  salaries,  $915,442. 

«The  total  values  of  dairy  products  prior  to  1900  do  not  include  the  milk  of  "town  cows"  or  cows 
not  on  farms,  and  the  amounts  given  are  thus  much  below  the  true  value. 


TABLE  XI. — Dairy  statistics  l>y  States. 
[From  the  Twelfth  United  States  Census.] 


States  and  Territories. 

Dairy  cows 
on  farms.a 

?s£? 

Bonef™de 

Butter 
made  at 
creameries. 

Cheese 
made  on 
farms. 

Cheese 
made  at 
factories. 

The  United  States.. 

Number. 
17,139,674 

Gallons. 
7,  266,  392,  674 

Pounds. 
1,071,745,127 

Pounds. 
420,126,546 

Pounds. 
16,  372,  330 

Pounds. 
281,972,324 

North  Atlantic  Division  .  . 

3,  496,  266 

1,827,347,473 

206,  284,  451 

119,734,095 

4,  509,  199 

143,  709,  072 

Maine 

173  592 

99  586  188 

16  174  173 

4  461  399 

425  10° 

553  946 

New  Hampshire  
Vermont 

115,036 
270  194 

60,  724,  590 
142  042  223 

6,  385,  611 
18  834  706 

5,034,270 
22  453  381 

104,339 
406  659 

116,  741 
4  713  10"5 

Massachusetts  

184,  562 

105,571,873 

4,  980,  262 

4  591  919 

19  629 

250  542 

Rhode  Island  

23,660 

12,  923,  512 

488,  086 

148,  195 

6,751 

Connecticut  . 

126  434 

68,  951,  862 

4  591  789 

3  888  405 

40  623 

321  263 

New  Yrork 

1  501  608 

772,799  352 

74  714  376 

40  693  846 

2  624  552 

127  386  032 

New  Jersey 

157  407 

77  714  055 

5  894  363 

1  325  519 

24  377 

100  000 

Pennsvlvania 

943  773 

487,033  818 

74  221  085 

37  137  161 

857  167 

10  %7  443 

South  Atlantic  Division.  . 

1,383,319 

492,  138,  465 

89,111,226 

3,  772,  086 

480,448 

112,860 

Delaware 

32  591 

12  681  268 

1  629  949 

969  889 

104 

15  000 

Maryland  

147,  284 

64,040,517 

9,096  662 

2,541,716 

338,  453 

District  of  Columbia. 

1,251 

850,349 

3,478 

Virginia  

281,876 

105,  068,  428 

19,905  830 

170,  521 

31,  697 

57  000 

West  Virginia 

205  601 

83  861  660 

16  913  129 

41  000 

74  243 

40  860 

North  Carolina  .  . 

233,  178 

89.  525,  749 

16,913,802 

28,883 

a  Does  not  include  973,033  cows  not  on  farms  and  ranges. 


STATISTICS    OF   THE    DAIRY. 


51 


TABLE  XI. — Dairy  Statistics  by  States — Continued. 


States  and  Territories. 

Dairy  cows 
on  farms. 

Milk  pro- 
duced on 
farms. 

Butter  made 
on  farms. 

Butter 
made  at 
creameries. 

Cheese 
made  on 
farms. 

Cheese 
made  at 
factories. 

South  Atlantic  Division- 
Continued. 

Xumber. 
126,6*1 
276,024 

78,830 

Gallon*. 
44,031,528 
82,438,532 
9,  640,  434 

Pound.*. 
8,150,437 
15,111,494 
1,386,445 

Pounds. 

Pi  mnds. 
1,081 

Pound*. 

48,960 

2,236 
3,751 

North  Central  Division  .. 
Ohio  

8,490,284 

3,  609,  900,  328 

539,  104,  750 

271,736,947 

5,  320,  122 

128,  625,  971 

SI  8,  239 

425,  870,  394 
263,457,239 
457,106,995 
309,617,046 
472,274,264 
304,017,106 
535,  872,  240 
258,  207,  755 
48,  845,  280 
99,244,975 
190,477,911 
244,909,123 

79,551,299 

51,042,396 
52,  493,  450 
60,051,998 
44,  739,  147 
41,188,846 
61,789,288 
45,509,110 
9,178,815 
17,400,970 
34,518,659 
41,640,772 

8,087,631 
3,  553,  483 
34,  055,  312 
7,  820,  712 
61,  813,  502 
41,174,469 
77,  233,  264 
1,440,616 
463,  188 
6,  172,  107 
11,726,180 
IS,  196,  4X3 

1,167,  001 
178,  733 
323,  485 
331,176 
1,635,618 
290,  623 
306,428 
323,439 
70,881 
136,863 
264,430 
291,445 

18,  156,  527 
1,260,168 
9,055,119 
10,  422,  582 
77,  748,  680 
3,  285,  019 
4,242,637 
1,072,751 
225,  399 
420.  779 
313,600 
2,  42-2,  710 

Indiana            .        

574,276 
1,007,664 
563,905 
998,397 
753,632 
1,423,648 
765,386 
125,  503 
270,634 
512,  544 

Illinois                    

Michigan            

Wisconsin 

Minnesota  .        

Iowa                  

Missouri                

North  Dakota   

South  Dakota  

Nebraska  

Kansas  
South  Central  Division  .  . 
Kentucky 

676,  456 

2,  899,  236 

973,  950,  INS 

185,  923,  330           932,  S57 

473,  440 

181,4ii9 

364,025 
321,676 
279,  263 
299,318 
184,815 
861,023 
165,  852 
110,  687 
312,  577 

159,311,527 
147,336,%! 
95,  882,  lOf 
97,  030,  385 
39.251,413 
251,342,698 
47,  439,  853 
26,  493,  855 
109,861,393 

30,  446,  3.S1 
29,091,696 
19,  121,  964 
18,881,236 
4,918,229 
47,991,492 
8,781,359 
5,  105,  715 
21,585,258 

184,663 
207,823 
17,357 
48,  525 

45,  759 
26,  622 
36,374 

28,  572 

28,  000 
6,  201 
10,000 

Tennessee 

Alabama 

Mississippi  

Louisiana   . 

135,104 
136,133 
45,  264 
1,227 
18,385 

Texas 

252,  714 
53,  200 

58,  290 
66,378 

Oklahoma 

Indian  Territory  
Arkansas 

168,  575 

12,600 

Western  Division  
Montana  

866,  528 

362,  467,  S50 

51,202,299 

23,950,561        5,589,109 

9,  342,  952 

45,  036 
18,272 

15,  6%,  214 
5  121,974 

2,454,072 
888,  554 
4.  932,  4S2 
313,  003 
379,311 
2,812,122 
569,  523 
2,520,316 
7,372,106 
8,  107,  450 
20.  *53,  360 

200 

HS.sTl 

34,238 
2!',  500 
1,566,639 

30.924 
24,  327 
103,  184 
68,571 
33,305 
169,251 
94,082 
196,952 
151,669 
467,256 
4,249,588 

Wyoming  

1,000 

1  ,  465,  257 

Colorado 

100,116 
Hi,  775 
17,965 
65,  905 
13  606 

38,440,  111 
3,  009,  657 
3,056,  109 
25,124,642 
4,446,071 
15,122,918 
50,182,415 
4H,  582,  96S 
153,684,741 

4,250 

584,120 

New  Mexico  
Arizona 

424,083 
2,519,214 
623,  402 
432.  570 
3,198,421 
1,975,357 
13,147,137 

373,  752 
1,874,179 
80,150 
194,380 
1,482,127 
1,195,564 
2,676.543 

Utah 

Nevada 

Idaho  

51  ,  U29 

Washington 

107,232 
122,447 
307,  2i:. 

13 
4,02* 

Oregon  
California  

Alaska  

Hawaii  

12 

52  BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL   INDUSTRY. 

TABLE  XII. — Proyrexs  of  dairying  in  the  United  States,  1850  to  1900.  a 
[United  States  Census  statistics.] 


States  and  Terri- 
tories. 

Year 

of 
cen- 
sus. 

Dairy  cows  on 
farms. 

Milk, 
product  re 
ported. 

Butter, 
total  made. 

Cheese, 
total  made. 

Cream-    Milk, 
cries   :  aver- 
and         age 
cheese     yield 
facto-       per 
ries.       cow. 

Total 
number. 

Per 
1,000 
per- 
sons. 

United  States.. 

North  Atlantic  Divi- 
sion   

1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1800 
1850 

1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1860 
1850 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
I860 
1850 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
I860 
1850 
1900 
1S90 
1880 
1870 
I860 
1850 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1860 
1850 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1860 
1850 
1900 
1890 

17,  139,  674 
16,511,950 
12,  443,  120 
8,  935,  332 
8,  585,  735 
6,  385,  094 

3,  496,  266 
3,  351,  061 
3,  190,  745 
2,  833,  022 
2,  615,  929 
2,  188,  503 
173,592 
157,278 
150,845 
139,259 
117,314 
138,556 
115,  036 
109,  423 
90,564 
90,583 
94,880 
94,277 
270,  194 
231,419 
217,033 
180,285 
174,667 
146,  128 
184,562 
172,  046 
150,435 
114,  771 
144,  492 
130,099 
23,660 
23,  943 
21,460 
18,806 
19,700 
18,  698 
126,  434 
127,  892 

225 
264 
248 
232 
273 
275 

166 
193 
220 
230 

Gallon.". 
7,  266,  392,  674 
5,  209,  125,  567 
c  530,  129,  755 
d  235,  500,  599 
Not  given. 
Not  given. 

1,827,347,473 
1,435,739,255 
c  345,  7-:9,  869 
rf  186,  605,  146 

Pounds. 
1,491,871,673 
1,205.508,384 
806,672,071 
514,  092,  683 
459,  681,  372 
313,  345,  306 

326,  018,  546 
295,  033,  716 
277,  008,  072 
225,  910,  518 
223,  950,  757 
173,  055,  728 
20,  635,  572 
16,  999,  356 
14,109,960 
11,636,482 
11,687,781 
9,243,811 
11,419,881 
9,  862,  430 
7,346,340 
5,  965,  080 
6,  956,  764 
6,  977,  056 
41,288,087 
28,  399,  440 
25,  252,  663 
17.844,396 
15,900,359 
12,  137,  980 
9,572,181 
10,  410,  300 
9,  799,  804 
0,559,161 
8,297,936 

Pounds. 
298,  344,  654 
256,761,883 
243,157,850 
162,  927,  382 
103,  663,  927 
105,535,893 

148,  218,  271 
139,238,694 
150,  902,  229 
35,  144,  853 
72.860,013 
79,731,981 
979,  048 
1,451,813 
1,945,095 
1,152,590 
1,799,862 
2,  434,  454 
221,080 
444,  023 
807,  076 
872,  368 
2,232,092 
3,196,563 
5,  119,  704 
0,191.913 
6,  129,  879 
7,814,879 
8,  215,  030 
8.  720,  834 
270,  171 
385,  5:53 
2,201,393 
4,131,359 
5,294,090 

Xti  ritbtr. 
9,  355 
64,712 
3,  932 
<>],313 

€   fj 

e8 

3,230 
1,971 
1,975 
<-913 

Gallon*. 
424 
315 
233 
206 
175 
167 

523 

428 

Maine  

250 

238 
232 
222 
235 
229 
279 
290 
261 
285 
291 
265 
786 
697 
654 
545 
554 
405 
66 
77 
84 
79 
117 
131 
55 
69 
78 
87 
113 
126 
139 
171 

99,  586,  188 
57,  969,  791 
<•  3,  720,  783 
('1,374,091 

• 

61 
42 
41 
0 

574 
369 
314 
270 
252 
229 
528 
390 
314 
235 
247 
262 
526 
393 
387 
350 
328 
319 
572 
480 
396 
327 
215 
250 
546 
443 
323 
259 
166 
180 
545 
425 

New  Hampshire. 
Vermont 

53 
23 
2 
el 

60,  724,  590 
42,633,268 
c  5,  739,  128 
''2,352,884 

142,  042,  223 
90,712,230 
••  6,  526,  550 
fl  3,  835,  840 

255 
124 

85 
<'28 

Massachusetts  .  .  . 
Rhode  Island  
Connecticut  

105,571,873 
82,571,924 
c  29,  662,  953 
(I  15,  284,  057 

51 
37 
22 
«23 

8,071,370 
636,281 
1,199,239 
1,007,103 
941,  199 
1,021,707 
995,  670 
8,480,194 
10,  369,  259 

7,088,142 
0,  751 
321,631 
67,  171 
81,  976 
181,  511 
316,508 
361,886 
308,  521 

12,923,512 
10,  610,  547 
<-•  3,  831,  706 
''1,944,044 

3 
4 
0 
0 

72 
50 

68,951,862 
54,413,822 

a  Does  not  include  the  products  from  cows  in  barns  and  inclosures. 

bSee  note  h  of  Table  X. 

c  "  Milk  sold  or  sent  to  butter  and  cheese  factories,  gallons,"  census,  1880. 

d  "  Milk  sold  from  farms,  gallons,"  census,  1870. 

«  Cheese  factories  only. 


STATISTICS    OF    THE    DAIRY. 


53 


TABLE  XII. — Progress  of  dairying  in  the  United  States,  1850  to  1900 — Continued. 


States  and  Terri- 
tories. 

Year 
of 
cen- 
sus. 

Dairy  cows  on 
farms. 

Milk 
product  re- 
ported. 

Butter, 
total  made. 

Cheese, 
total  made. 

Cream-    Milk, 
eries      aver- 
and    '     age 
cheese    yield 
facto-       per 
ries.       cow. 

Total 
number. 

Per 

1,000 
per- 
sons. 

North  Atlantic  Divi- 
sion —  Continued. 
Connecticut  

Xew  York  

1880 
1870 
1860 
1850 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1860 
1850 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1S70 
1860 
1850 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1860 
1850 

1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1860 
1850 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1860 
1850 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1860 
1850 
1900 
1H90 
1880 
1870 
1860 
1850 

116,319 
98,889 
98,877 
85,461 
1,501,608 
1,440,230 
1,437,855 
1,350,661 
1,123,634 
931,324 
157,407 
161,576 
152,078 
133,331 
138,818 
118,736 
943,  773 
927,  254 
854,156 
706,  437 
673,  547 
530,224 

1,383,319 
1.369.466 
1,280,761 
1,001,094 
1,238,633 
1.246,678 
32,591 
32,  574 
27,284 
24,082 
22,  595 
19,248 
147,284 
142,198 
122,907 
94,794 
99,463 
86,866 
1,261 
*63 
1,292 
657 
639 
813 

187 
184 
215 
230 
207 
240 
283 
308 
290 
301 
84 
112 
134 
147 
207 
242 
150 
176 
199 
201 
232 
229 

132 
155 
169 
171 

Gallons. 
"12,289,893 
l>  6,  '253,  259 

Pounds. 
8,418,906 
6,716,007 
7,620,912 
6,  498,  1  19 
115,408,222 
112,727,515 
120.  878,  201 
107.147,526 
103,  097,  2SO 
79,  766,  094 
7,219,882 
8,  866,  749 
9,872,237 
8,  266,  023 
10,  714,  447 
9,487,210 
111,358,246 
96,  199,  428 
80.  322,  852 
60,834,644 
58,653,511 
39,878,418 

92,  883,  312 
80,414,839 
48,  703,  330 
28,  575,  306 
33,941,403 
28,  105,  896 
2,599,838 
2,  493,  259 
1,902,075 
1,171,963 
1,430,502 
1.055,308 
11.638,378 
10.846,879 
7,  715,  196 
5,014,729 
5  265  295 

Pounds. 
1,051,677 

2,262,894 
3,898,411 
5,  363,  277 
130,  010,  584 
124,  086,  524 
129,  163,  714 
100,  776,  012 
48,  548,  289 
49.741,413 
124,  377 
587,241 
569,  736 
478,336 
182,  172 
365,  756 
11.124,610 
5,  457,  897 
8,966,737 
2,  792,  676 
2,  508,  556 
2,505,034 

593,308 
415,291 
640,065 
190,890 
369,302 
610,836 
15,  104 
:559 
1.712 
315 
6,  579 
3,  187 
338,453 
23,  573 
79,416 
6,  732 
8.  342 
3  975 

Xumber 
16 
c" 

Gallons. 
325 
291 
277 
301 
515 
461 
402 
358 
326 
319 
494 
3% 
290 
227 
233 
243 
516 
398 
323 
281 
266 
231 

356 
242 

772.799,352 
663,  917,  240 
a  231,  965,  533 
b  135,  775,  919 

1,928 
1,337 
1,652 

'•818 

New  Jersey  

77,714,055 
64,  003,  953 
015,172,783 
''  5,  373,  323 

53 
16 
11 

<-8 

Pennsylvania  ... 

South  Atlantic  Divi- 
sion   

487,  033,  818 
368,  906,  480 
«<  36,  540,  540 
'•14,411,729 

754 

338 
146 
<'27 

492,  138,  465 
331,728,677 
"9.446.511 
'•  3.  187,  589 

129 
50 
31 
<-5 

Delaware  

176 
194 
186 
192 
202 
209 
124 
136 
131 
121 
115 
14'.l 
4 
1 

5 
9 
16 

12,681,268 
10,  699,  362 
"1,132,434 
&  758,  603 

3 

0 

389 
328 
248 
178 
190 
165 
435 
328 
221 
.     175 
159 
132 
680 
533 
433 
212 
88 
57 

Maryland  .  .  . 



61,040,517 
46,601.218 
"4,722.944 
'•1,520,101 

88 
24 
14 
0 

Dist.  Columbia  .. 

3,  806.  160 

850,349 
459,978 
"  496.  789 
''126,077 

3,  478 

13,  769 
88,  520 
4,495 
18,835 
14.872 

4 
1 
0 

155,  460 

1.500  :.. 

"  Milk  sold  or  sent  to  butter  mid  cheese  factories,  gallon* 
"  Milk  sold  from  farms,  gallons,"  census  1H70. 
Cheese  factories  only. 


census,  18»0. 


54  BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 

TABLE  XII. — Progress  of  dairying  in  the  United  States,  1850  to  1900 — Continued. 
[United  States  Census  statistics.] 


States  and  Terri- 
tories. 

Year 
of 
cen- 
sns. 

Dairy  cows  on 
farms. 

Milk, 
product  re- 
ported. 

Butter, 
total  made. 

Cheese. 

Cieam- 
eries 
and 
cheese 
facto- 
ries. 

Milk, 
aver- 
age 
yield 
per 
cow. 

Total 
number. 

Per 

1,000 
per- 
sons. 

South  Atlantic  Divi- 
sion —  Continued. 
Virginia  

1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 

1860 
I860 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1860 
1850 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1860 
1860 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1860 
1850 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1860 
1850 

1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1860 
1850 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1860 
1850 

sold  o 
sold  fr 
factor 

281,876 
273,  634 
243,  061 
188,  471 
330,  713 
317,  619 
205,  601 
188,492 
156,  956 
104,434 
233,  178 
223,  416 
232,133 
196,  731 
228,  623 
221,  799 
126,684 
107,  184 
139,  881 
98,  693 
163,  938 
193,  244 
276,  024 
287,  717 
315,  073 
231,310 
299,  688 
334,223 
78,830 
113,  388 
42,  174 
61,922 
92,  974 
72,  876 

8,  490,  284 
8,  240,  999 
5,  402,  081 
3,  294,  007 
2,  556,  536 
1,564,219 
818,239 
794,833 
767,  043 
654,390 
676,585 
544,  499 

r  sent  to  ch 
om  farms, 
ies  only. 

152 
165 
161 
154 
207 
223 
214 
247 
254 
236 
123 
138 
166 
184 
230 
255 
95 
93 
140 
140 
233 
289 
125 
157 
204 
195 
284 
369 
14& 
290 
157 
329 
664 
838 

322 
369 
311 
254 

(faUons. 
105,00)8,428 
7S,  143,  459 
«1,224,469 
&  266,  812 

Pounds. 
20,076,351 
18,761,856 
11,500,023 
6,  979,  269 
13,464,722 
11,089,359 
16,  954,  129 
14,081,627 
9,309,517 
5,  044,  475 
16,913,802 
13,129,374 
7,213,507 
4,297,834 
4,735,495 
4,  146,  290 
8,  150,  437 
5,  737,  557 
3,  196,  851 
1,461,980 
3,  177,  934 
2,  981,  850 
15,160,454 
14,  483,  323 
7,  424,  485 
4,  499,  572 
5,  439,  765 
4,640,559 
1,  386,  445 
867,  195 
353,  156 
100,  989 
408,  855 
371,  498 

810,841,697 
650,  551,  5  S8 
383,  455,  099 
214,400,425 
153,071,558 
80,  563,  732 
87,  638,  930 
81,522,792 
69,  722,  506 
50,  266,  372 
48,  543,  162 
34,  449,  379 

Dries,  gallons, 

0. 

Pounds. 

88,  697 
218,  187 
111,535 
84,243 
280,  852 
436,  292 
115,  103 
95,  372 
196,  987 
32,  429 
28,  883 
60,760 
57,380 
123,  985 
51,119 
95,  921 
1,081 
2,476 
16,018 
169 
1,543 
4,970 
2,236 
12,833 
19,  151 
4,292 
15,  587 
46,  976 
3,751 
1,731 
2,406 
25 
6,280 
18,  015 

133,  946,  093 
110,225,861 
86,  532,  570 
14,178,005 
28,238,411 
24,  547,  518 
19,  323,  528 
22,  254,  054 
32,  531,  683 
24,153,876 
21,618,893 
20,819,542 
"  census,  18) 

Numlx'i 
10 
13 
4 
c2 

Ottllonx. 
373 
286 
147 
113 
123 
106 
408 
315 
184 
147 
384 
247 
95 
66 
62 
57 
348 
222 
71 
47 
58 
46 
299 
182 
72 
59 
55 
42 
122 
45 
26 
5 
13 
16 

425 
318 

West  Virginia  .  . 
North  Carolina.. 

South  Carolina  .  . 
Georgia  

83,861,660 
59,  449,  066 
n  750,  279 
l>  144,  895 
89,  525,  749 
55,  250,  605 
«  446,  798 
617,145 

5 
3 
7 
0 

0 
2 
08 

44,  031,  528 
23,  833,  631 
a  257,  186 
b  241,  815 

0 
0 
0 

82,  438,  532 
52,234,508 
a  374,  645 
6  109,  139 

4 
0 
0 
0 

0 

Florida  . 

9,  640,  434 
5,  056,  790 
a  40,  967 
63,002 

North  Central  Divi- 
sion   

0 
0 
0 

3,  609,  900,  328 
2,  719,  414,  765 
a  155,  044,  519 
&38,853,454 

5,481 
2,617 
1,648 
388 

Ohio  

197 
216 
240 
246 
289 
275 

eese  a 
gallon 

425,  870,  394 
326,  925,  396 
a  46,  801,  537 
t>  22,  275,  344 

484 
361 
452 
195 

520 
411 
329 
279 
253 
234 

a  "Milk 
b  "Milk 
"Cheese 

id  butter  fact 
3,"  census,  187 

JO. 

STATISTICS    OF   THE    DAIRY.  55 

TABLE  XII. — Progress  of  dairying  in  the  United  States,  1850  to  1900 — Continued. 


States  and  Terri- 
tories. 

Year 
of 
cen- 
sus. 

Dairy  cows  on 
farms. 

Milk, 
product  re- 
ported. 

Butter, 
total  made. 

Cheese, 
total  made. 

Cream- 
eries 
and 
cheese 
facto- 
ries. 

Milk, 
aver- 
age 
yield 
per 
cow. 

Total 
number. 

Per 
1,000 
per- 
sons. 

North  Central  Divi- 
sion —  Continued. 
Indiana  

1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1860 
1850 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1860 
1850 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1860 
1850 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1860 
1850 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1860 
1850 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1860 
1850 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1860 
1850 
1900 
1890 
1900 
1890 

574,276 
579,  287 
494,944 
393,736 
363,553 
284,554 
1,007,664 
1,087,886 
865,913 
640,321 
522,634 
294,671 
563,905 
497,  611 
384,  578 
250,  859 
179,  543 
99,676 
998,397 
792,620 
478,374 
308,  377 
203,  001 
64,339 
753,  632 
593,  908 
275,  545 
121,467 
40,344 
607 
1,423,648 
1,498,  118 
854,  187 
369,811 
189,802 
45,  704 
765,  386 
851,076 
661,405 
398,515 
345,  243 
230,  169 
125,  503 
88,289 
270,  634 
210,240 

228 
264 
250 
234 
269 
288 
209 
284 
281 
252 
305 
346 
233 
238 
235 
127 
240 
250 
483 
470 
364 
292 
262 
211 
430 
456 
353 
276 
235 
101 
638 
784 
526 
310 
281 
238 
246 
318 
305 
232 
292 
337 
393 
482 
674 
639 

Gallons. 
263,  457,  239 
200,  510,  797 
a6,723,840 
6936,983 

Pounds. 
JU,  595,  879 
50,  154,  854 
37,  712,  316 
22,915,385 
18,  306,  651 
12,881,535 
86,  548,  762 
82,  674,  908 
60,  208,  972 
36,  083,  405 
28,  052,  551 
12,  526,  543 
67,  872,  710 
52,343,212 
38,  865,  106 
24,400,185 
15,  503,  482 

Pounds. 
1,438,901 
1,  191,  500 
1,676,825 
391,  487 
605,  795 
624,  564 
9,  378,  604 
10,  348,  933 
21,253,194 
5,  734,  004 
1,848,557 
1,278,225 
10,  7.53,  758 
5,  370,  460 
3,  953,  685 
2,301,801 
1,641,897 
1,011,492 
79,  384,  298 
54,614,861 
19,535,324 
3,  288,  581 
1,104,300 
400,  283 
3,  575,  642 
4,292,170 
985,  329 
271,477 
199,311 

Number 
113 
65 
49 
17 

Gallons. 
459 
346 
241 
179 
153 
138 
454 
338 
240 
187 
165 
133 
549 
451 
325 
304 
270 
226 
473 
383 
267 
231 
208 
177 
403 
308 
216 
239 
226 
5 
376 
325 
215 
229 
195 
148 
337 
228 
135 
112 
111 
103 
389 
301 
367 
284 

Illinois  

457,  106,  995 
367,  269,  464 
a45,419,719 
6  9,  258,  545 

534 
266 

285 
69 

Michigan  

309,  617,  046 
224,  537,  488 
«  7,  898,  273 
62,277,122 

290 
101 
74 
30 

Wisconsin  

7,  065,  878 
106,  552,  649 
60,  355,  499 
33,  842,  336 
22,  478,  036 
13,611,328 
3,  633,  750 
82,  3(53,  315 
48,  677,  504 
19,  244,  835 
9,522,010 
2,957,673 
1,100 
139,022,552 
126,  036,  219 
61,665,071 
27,512,179 
11,953,666 

472,274,264 
303,  701,  134 
"25,156,977 
62,059,105 

2,019 
966 
414 
54 

Minnesota 

304,017,106 
182,968,973 
«1,504,407 
6208,130 

596 
115 
27 

Iowa  

535,  872,  240 
486,961,411 
•115,965,612 
6688,800 

4,549,065 
5,  743,  934 
3,852,801 
1,344,647 
918,  635 
209,840 
1.396,190 
1,673,017 
873,  549 
213,865 
259,  633 
203,  572 
296,  280 
180,374 
557,  642 
554.763 

907 
500 
244 
14 

Missouri  

2,171,188 
46,  949,  726 
44,638,168 
28,712,98* 
14,455,825 
12,704,837 
7,834,359 
9,  642,  003 
6,158,862 
23,  573,  077 
13.659,757 

258,  207,  755 
193,931,103 
03,173,017 
6857,704 

115 
68 
30 

1 

21 
10 
138 
16 

North  Dakota  ... 
Smith  Dakota  .  .  . 

48,  845,  280 
26,566,112 
99,  24  1,975 
59,  666,  525 

"  "  Milk  sold  or  dent  to  butter  and  cheese  factories,  K«llon»,"  census,  1880, 
6  ••  Milk  sold  from  farms,  gallons,"  census,  1870. 


56 


BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 


TABLE  XIT. — Prngrfnx  of  dairying  in  the  United  Mates,  1850  to  WOO — Continued. 


States  and  Terri- 
tories. 

Year 

cen- 
sus. 

Dairy  co\ 
farms 

Total 
number. 

•s  on 

Per 
1,000 
per- 
sons. 

Milk 
product  re- 
ported. 

Butter, 
total  made. 

Cheese, 
total  made. 

Cream- 
eries 
and 
cheese 
facto- 
ries. 

Milk, 
aver- 
age 
yield 
per 
cow. 

North  Central  Divi- 
sion —  Continued. 
Dakota  Territory 

Nebraska  

1880 
1870 
3860 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1860 
190G 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1860 

1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1860 
1850 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1860 
1850 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1860 
1850 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1860 
18% 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1860 
1850 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 

sold  ( 
soldi 

40,  572 
4,151 
286 
512,  544 
505,  045 
161,187 
28,  940 
6,  995 
676,  456 
741,786 
418,  333 
123,440 
28,550 

2,899,236 
2,829,657 
2,147,440 
1,494,434 
1,859,117 
1,356.491 
364,  025 
364,  516 
301,882 
247,  615 
269,215 
247,  475 
321,  676 
345,  311 
303,900 
243,  197 
249,  514 
250,  456 
279,263 
292,  088 
271,443 
170,  640 
230,  537 
227,  791 
299,318 
310,  159 
268,  178 
173,  899 
207,  646 
214,  231 
184,815 
167,  223 
146,  454 
102,  076 

>r  sent  to  b 
rom  farms, 

301 
297 
57 
481 
477 
357 
235 
241 
460 
520 
420 
339 
267 

206 
258 
241 
232 

Gallons. 
a  415,  119 

Pounds. 
•-',  006,  755 
209,  735 
2,170 
46,  244,  839 
33,894,861 
9,  790,  970 
1,539,535 
342,  541 
59,  837,  255 
50,  434,  952 
21,  683,  244 
5,022,758 
1,093,497 

186,856,187 
135,  302,  951 
74,208,771 
34,  062,  404 
44,  132,  365 
31,324,361 
30,  631,  044 
29,  038,  406 
18,  261,  004 
11,874,978 
11,716,609 
9,  947,  523 
29,  299,  519 
28,  380,  377 
17,  889,  969 
9,571,069 
10,017,787 
8,139,585 
19,  139,  321 
14,  548,  435 
7,997,719 
3,  213,  753 
6,  028,  478 
4,008,811 
18,  929,  761 
12,988,637 
7,454,657 
2,613,521 
5,  006,  610 
4,346,234 
4,  918,  229 
2,  089,  774 
916,089 
322,  405 

tones,  gallons 
70, 

Pounds. 
40,  137 
1,850 

Number 
4 
0 

fiallons. 
159 
152 
23 
372 
287 
187 
165 
149 
362 
272 
160 
126 
116 

336 

184 

190,477,911 
144,708,263 
"  625,  783 
b  95,  059 

578,030 
1,268,449 
554,772 
78,  542 
12,  342 
2,  714,  155 
2,  733,  346 
1,275,371 
241,607 
29,045 

654,  909 
349,  667 
276,  923 
311,  498 
644,416 
571,  582 
73,  759 
64,822 
58,468 
361,  219 
190,400 
213,954 
32,823 
101,219 
107,740 
142,240 
135,  575 
177,  681 
46,  374 
6,131 
14,091 
2,732 
15,923 
31,412 
28,572 
4,898 
4,239 
3,099 
4,427 
21,191 
135,104 
3,939 
7,618 
11,747 

"  census,  18! 

93 
58 
21 
5 

Kansas  

244,909,123 
201,608,099 
"1,3(50,235 
l>  196,  662 

171 
101 
48 
1 

South  Central  Divi- 
sion   

973,  950,  188 
519,693,663 
«  6,  084,  788 
''2,811,323 

71 
22 
10 
4 

Kentucky  

170 
196 
183 
187 
233 
252 
159 
195 
197 
193 
225 
250 
153 
193 
215 
171 
239 
295 
193 
240 
237 
210 
263 
353 
134 
149 
156 
140 

utter  a 
galloi 

159,311,527 
118,497,289 
a  2,  513,  209 
61,345,779 

27 
15 
8 
4 

438 
325 
190 
150 
131 
122 
458 
312 
180 
121 
121 
98 
343 
190 
89 
57 
79 
53 
324 
164 
85 
45 
72 
61 
212 
77 
21 
18 

Tennessee  

147,  336,  961 
107,  657,  116 
"1,006,795 
b  415,  786 

13 
4 
2 
0 

Alabama 

95,  882,  103 
55,  508,  687 
a  267,  387 
fc  104,  657 

4 
0 
0 

Mississippi  

97,030,385 
50,803,371 
a427,492 
&17.052 

2 

0 
0 
0 

Jjouisiana  . 

39,251,413 
12,881,927 
a  256,  241 
b  833,  928 

nd  cheese  fac 
is,"  census,  J8 

0 
0 
0 
0 

*p, 

o"Mill 
Z>"MiUi 

STATISTICS    OF   THE    DAIRY. 


57 


TABLE  XII. — Progress  of  dairying  in  the  United  States,  1850  to  1900 — Continued. 


States  and  Terri- 
tories. 

Year 
of 
cen- 
sus. 

Dairy  cows  on 
farm. 

Milk 
product  re- 
ported. 

Butter, 
total  made. 

Cheese, 
total  made. 

Cream- 
eries 
and 
cheese 
facto- 
eries. 

Milk, 
aver- 
age 
yield 
per 
cow. 

Total 
number. 

Per 
1,000 
per- 
sons. 

South  Central  Divi- 
sion —  Continued. 

1860 
1850 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1860 
1850 
1900 
1890 
1900 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1860 
1850 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1860 
1850 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1900 
18'JO 
1880 
1870 
1900 
1890 
1880 
1870 
1860 
1850 
1900 
1*90 
1880 
1870 
1900 
1H90 
1880 

k  -..1.1 
If  sold 

129,  662 
105,  576 
861,023 
1,003,439 
606,176 
428,048 
601,540 
217,  811 
105,852 
16,  756 
110,  687 
312,  577 
330,165 
249,407 
128,  959 
171,003 
93,*151 
866,  528 
720,767 
422,093 
312,  775 
315,  520 
29,203 
45,036 
24,  143 
11,308 
12,432 
18,272 
11,684 
3,730 
707 
100,116 
76,948 
28,  770 
25,017 
If,,  775 
18,507 
12,955 
1C),  117 
34,369 
10,636 
17,965 
4,874 
U,  156 
938 
66,905 
45,982 
32,768 

or  sent  to  t 
from  farm: 

183 
204 
282 
449 
381 
523 
996 
1,023 
416 
270 
282 
238 
293 
311 
266 
393 
444 
212 
238 
239 
316 

Gallons. 

Po  ands. 
1,444,742 
683,069 
48,  244,  206 
32,  145,  249 
13,899,320 
3,  712,  747 
5,  850,  583 
2,344,900 
8,834,659 
387,920 
5,  105,  715 
21,753,833 
15,  724,  144 
7,  790,  013 
2,  753,  931 
4,  067,  556 
1,854,239 
75,152,860 
44,166,290 
23,296,799 
11,144,030 
4,585,289 
295,  589 
2,  488,  310 
1,062,185 
412,  738 
408,080 
918,054 
428,  269 
105,  643 
1,200 
0,  499,  121 
3,621,086 
862,  479 
392,920 
313,003 
860,012 
44.  827 
12.  '.112 
13,259 
111 
803,  394 
115,203 
62,217 
HOI) 
5,331,336 
1,815,154 
1,064,923 

toriex,  gallon; 
70. 

Pounds. 
6,  153 
1,957 
194,423 
145,  730 
58,466 
•34,  342 
275,  128 
95,299 
111,642 
1,600 
1,227 
30,985 
21,  328 
26,301 
2,119 
16,  810 
30,088 
14,  932,  061 
6,  519,  870 
4,806,063 
3,  666,  907 
1,551,785 
73,  976 
30,924 
11,512 
80,070 
27,603 
25,  327 
15,  196 
2,930 

Number 

Gallons. 
34 
19 
292 
118 
71 
26 
30 
33 
286 
92 
239 
351 
165 
95 
64 
72 
60 
418 
281 

Texas  

251,342,698 
118,  475,  320 
«  1,296,  806 
662,771 

12 
3 
0 
0 

47,439,853 
1,544,280 
26,  493,  855 
109,861,393 
.54,325,673 
n  316,  858 
631,350 

5 
0 

Indian  Territory  . 
Arkansas  

8 
0 
0 

Western  Division  
Montana  

362,  467,  850 
202,549,207 
"13,804,068 
64,043,087 

444 

52 
268 
3 

185 
183 
290 
592 
197 
192 
178 
79 
186 
187 
148 
625 
86 
120 
108 
17* 

»•*; 

172 
146 
81 
229 
94 
SI* 
221 
228 

miter 
,  gallc 

15,696,214 
6,038,096 
a  41,  165 
6  105,  186 
5,121,974 
3,064,688 
a75,343 
64,980 
38,440,111 
19,680,791 
«  506,  706 
6  19,  520 
3,009,657 
717,  155 
"10,036 
6S13 

3 

1 
3 
1 
2 

1 

0 
0 
38 
6 
2 
1 
0 
0 
0 
0 

349 
250 
117 
109 
280 
262 
106 
12 
384 
256 
108 
50 
179 
39 
12 
4 
2 
1 
170 
146 
27 
26 
381 
187 
106 

Wyoming. 

Colorado 

1,568,441 
131,683 
75,  367 
37,  626 
68,  571 
18,931 

10,  -*n 

27,  239 
37,  2  10 
5,  848 
407.057 
10,855 
62,217 
14,500 
2,  043,  430 
176,739 
266.  749 
,"  census  18) 

New  Mexico  
Arizona  .  .. 

3,056,109 
709,  225 
a  42,  618 
64,800 
25,124,642 
8,  614,694 
a  155,263 

and  cheese  fac 
IK,"  census  U 

0 
•_) 

0 

57 
3 
11 
». 

Utah  

a  -Mil 
J>"Mil 

58 


BUKEAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRF. 


TABLE  XII. — Progress  of  dairying  in  the  United  States,  1850  to  1900 — Continued. 


States  and  Terri- 
tories. 

Year 
of 

cen- 
sus. 

Dairy  cows  on 
"farm. 

Milk 
product  re- 
ported. 

Butter, 
total  made. 

Cheese, 
total  made. 

Cream- 
eries 
and 
cheese 
facto- 
ries. 

Milk, 
aver- 
age 
yield 
per 
cow. 

Total 
number. 

Per 

1,000 
per- 
sons. 

Western    division  — 

Continued. 
Utah  

1870 
I860 
ia50 
1900 
1890 

17,563 
11,967 
4,861 
13,606 
9,  273 

202 
299 
442 
321 
202 

Gallons. 
"11,240 

Pounds. 
310,  335 
316,046 
83,309 
1,192,925 
489,  657 

Pounds. 
69,603 
53,331 
30,998 
174,232 
51,207 

Number 
0 

Gallons. 
58 
84 
59 
327 
273 

4,  446,  071 
2,  532  052 

4 
1 

Idaho  

1880 
1870 
1860 
1900 
1890 

13,  319 
6,174 
947 
51,929 

27,  278 

215 
147 
135 
321 
325 

''149,889 
a  63,  850 

338,688 
110,880 
7,700 
2,  952,  886 
1,091,753 

17,  420 

2 
0 

88 
64 
24 
291 
186 

15,122,948 
5,  085,  863 

391,332 
323,  853 

19 
4 

1880           12,  838       389 

ft  15,  627 

314,244            117,295 

6 

76 

1870            4,  171 

278 

oll,250 

111,480               4,464 

0 

84 

Washington  1900        107,232 

207 

50,182,415 

10,570,527        1,633,796 

60 

468 

1890 

-    70,721 

203 

19,  873,  231 

3,  483,  725            320,  981 

3 

281 

1880 

27,  622 

368 

ft  226,  703 

1,404,066 

179,  200 

o 

160 

Oregon  

1870 
1860 
1900 
1890 

16,938 
9,660 
122,  447 
114,  156 

706 
805 
296 
363 

a  21,000 

407t306 
153,  092 
10,082,807 
4,924,745 

17,465 
12,  146 
1,662,820 
496,116 

0 

75 
49 
397 
219 

48,  582,  968 
25,  042,  276 

68 
12 

1880 

59,549 

340 

ft  227,  540 

2,  528,  225 

299,732  ;          24 

130 

California  . 

1870 
1860 
1850 
1900 
1890 

48,  325 
53,  170 
9,427 
307,  245 
317,  201 

531 
1,022 
725 
207 
263 

«  107,  367 

1,418,373 
1,000,157 
211,464 
34,000,497 
27,  048,  471 

119,383 
105,  379 
36,  980 
6,926,131 
4,  962,  797 

1 

92 
59 
72 
500 
351 

153,684,741 
111,191,186 

186 
21 

1880  1      210,078 

243      ''12,353,178         16,158,749 

3,  720,  739 

216 

274 

1870 
1860 
1850 

164,093 
205,  407 

4,280 

293 
541 

46 

«3,693,021 

7,  969,  744 
3,095,035 

705 

3,  395,  074 
1,343,689 
1.50 

0 

192 
53 
1 

n"  Milk  sold  from  farms,  gallons."  census  1870. 

ft  "  Milk  sold  or  sent  to  butter  and  cheese  factories,  gallons,"  census  18X0. 

NOTE. — Table  XII  is  taken  entire  from  census  reports  excepting  the  last  column.  In  that  the  figures 
for  1890  and  1900  are  computed  from  the  census,  and  those  for  the  other  years  are  quoted  from  reports 
of  the  Department  of  Agriculture. 

The  column  of  "average  milk  yield  per  cow"  shows  an  increase,  decade  after  decade,  which 
indicates  a  rapid  improvement  in  cows.  But  these  figures  are  misleading,  because  their  basis 
varies  for  different  years.  In  the  earlier  censuses  the  milk  yield  was  not  reported.  For  1850  and 
I860  only  the  butter  and  cheese  made  on  farms  were  given,  and  the  average  milk  yield  per  cow 
estimated  erroneously  by  reducing  the  reported  products  to  an  equivalent  in  milk  and  dividing  by 
the  number  of  cows.  '  The  cows  were  thus  credited  with  only  such  milk  as  was  made  into  butter  and 
cheese.  For  1870  and  1880  the  same  plan  was  followed,  but  milk  sold  being  also  reported,  this  was 
added  to  that  manufactured  on  farms;  the  large  quantity  of  milk  consumed  on  farms  was  still 
omitted  from  the  computation.  For  1890  the  census  reported  the  total  milk  product  for  the  first 
time;  this  being  directly  divided  by  the  number  of  producing  cows,  apparently  gives  the  annual 
average  yield  per  cow.  This  subject  is  discussed  on  page  17. 


STATISTICS    OF    THE    DAIRY. 


TABLE  XIII. — Dairying  in  the  United  States  for  1900.« 


59 


[Includes  estimated  product  from  973,033  cows  not  on  farms  and  ranges,  and  butter  and  cheese  made 

at  urban  establishments.] 


Dairv  cows  in  United 
States. 

Milk  product 
reported  plus 

Total  butter 

Total  cheese 

Total  nnm-  Per  1.000 
ber.          persons. 

estimated 
milk. 

made. 

made. 

The  United  States  18,  112,  707  '           237 

Gallons. 

7,  728,  583,  349 

Paundg. 
1,  492,  699,  143 

Pound*. 

299,006,818 

North  Atlantic  Division                      3,665,6X5             174 

1,907,821,498 

326,  296,  206 

148,627  434 

Maine  185,548              267 

105,  205,  288 

20,  635,  572 

979.  048 

New  Hampshire                         '        118,751              289 

62,  489,  215 

11,419,881 

221  080 

Vermont                                             27(1,592             805 

145,081,273 

41,288,087 

5,119,764 

Massachusetts  199,452               71 

112,  644,  623 

9,  593,  272 

270,  in 

Rhode  Island..       .                    :         25,027               58 

13,  572,  837 

636,  281 

6,751 

Connecticut                                        132  5'>1              146 

71  843  187 

8  501  285 

361  886 

New  York  1,.  537,  921              212 

790,  048,  027 

115,606,980 

130,419,747 

New  Jersev  167,799               89 

82,  650,  255 

7,  219,  882 

124,  377 

Pennsylvania  1,022,074              162 

524,  226,  793 

111.394,966 

11,124,610 

South  Atlantic  Division  ..               '    1,476,787             141 

536,  535,  765 

92,  909,  203 

593,  308 

Delaware.                                            33,64.">              182 

13,181,918 

2.  599,  838 

15  104 

Maryland  .                                         157,566              133 

68,924,467 

11,643,178 

338,453 

District  of  Columbia                             1,809                 6 

1,115,399 

o    J7C 

Virginia  301,905             163 

114,582,203 

20,  076,  351 

88,  697 

West  Virginia  .   .                               217,  538             227 

89,531,735 

16,  975,  220 

115,  103 

North  Carolina  j        246,  755              130 

95,974,824 

16,913,802 

28,883 

South  Carolina  i        136,333              102 

48,614,803 

8,  150,  437 

1,081 

Georgia  2%,  962             134 

92,384,082 

15,  160,  454 

2,236 

Florida  84,274              159 

12,226,334 

1,386,445 

3,  751 

North  Central  Division 8, 927, 882 


339  i     3,817,759,378 


811,071,893         134,199,094 


Ohio. 

868,  832 

209 

449,902  069 

87,  668,  620 

19  323  528 

Indiana  

611,772 

243 

281,267,839  ' 

54,616,974 

1,438,901 

Illinois 

1,064,491 

221 

484,099  820 

86.  600,  162 

9,381  904 

Michigan. 

601,844 

249 

327,  638,  071 

67,901,440 

10,  756,  758 

Wisconsin  

1  ,  032,  81  1 

499 

488,620,914 

106,573,740 

79,384  298 

Minnesota  

789,  6X3 

451 

321,141,331 

82.363,315  ' 

3.  575,  642 

Iowa  

1,479,676 

663 

562,  485,  540 

139,022,552 

4,M9,065 

Missouri  

814,  578 

262 

281,573,955 

47,027,916  I 

1  ,  642,  891 

North  Dakota  ...   . 

131,119 

411 

51,512,880 

9.612.003 

296,  280 

South  Dakota  

280,  024 

697 

103,705,225 

23.  573,  077 

557,  642 

Nebraska  

538,856 

505 

202,  976,  111 

46,244.839 

578,  030 

Kansas  

714,1% 

486 

262,835,623 

59,  837,  255 

2,714,155 

South  Central  I>i\ 

Kentuck; 
Tennessc 

Ala  bin  i  in 

Missis; 

Louisi 

Texas 

Oklah 

Imliiu 

ArkmiMi 


ekv  

387,  608 

181 

170,513,452 

30,  7:58.  040 

73,  759 

SSCC  

351  ,  919 

174 

161.716,636 

29,  320,  610 

32,  823 

iia  . 

302  129 

165 

106  743  453 

19  139  321  ! 

46  374 

ippi  

316  217 

204 

1(15  057  410 

lx  '.f.x.l  761 

28  572 

ma  

197,264 

143 

45  164  688 

4  918  229 

135  104 

924,899 

303 

281   fkS3  798 

48,214  206 

194  423 

>nia  

169,613 

426 

49,226  328 

8,  Kit  559 

111,  642 

Territory  

119,362 

304 

30.614  4*<) 

5,  1(»5  715 

1  227 

:134   128 

2.V> 

120  0"»X  11* 

21   753  K!3 

30  985 

.•\rKan»ns ivxi,  izn  ^.w)  t         rju.  ir.w*.  1 1*  zi,  <w, ivu  .HI.WV 

"Table  XIII  gives  theaggri-gnto  of  dairy  cows  and  their  products,  by  States  and  by  groups  of  States 
for  the  year  I'.MM),  and  is  the  only  table  thus  showing  Hie  aggregate  dairy  product  of  the  country 
because  it  includes  all  the  cows,  whether  on  farms  or  elsewhere,  and  the  products  of  dairy  establish 
ments  of  every  description,  as  well  as  of  farms. 

14.S1S— No.  55—04 5 


60  BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 

TABLE  XIII. — Dairying  in  the  United  Mates  for  1900 — Continued. 


Dairy  cows  in  United 
States. 

Milk  product 
reported  plus 
estimated 
milk. 

GaUonf. 
395,  059,  975 

Total  butter 
made. 

Total  cheeso 
made. 

Total  num- 
ber. 

Per  1,000 
persons. 

229 

Pounds. 

75,318,4% 

Pouml*. 
14,  932,  061 

Montana  .           ...           48,  317 

199 
215 
201 
93 
152 
268 
335 
337 
230 
321 
220 

17,254,689 
5,906,199 
42,  516,  086 
3,  648,  532 
3,  375,  784 
29,  104,  667 
4,717,771 
16,353,673 
55,791,690 
53,  438,  418 
162,952,466 

4,250 
584.  120 

2,  488,  310 
918,054 
6,  499,  121 
313,003 
803,  394 
5,  331,  336 
1,192,925 
2,  952,  886 
10,  570,  527 
10,  082,  807 
34,166,133 

200 
118,  871 

30,924 
25,  327 
1,568,441 
68,  571 
407,  057 
2,  043,  430 
174,  232 
391,332 
1,633,796 
1,662,820 
6,  926,  131 

!           - 

Wvoming                    19,923 

Colorado  .              108,  697 

New  Mexico.              18,120 

Arizona  .            18,  638 

Utah  ....                 .                            74,284 

Nevada                                     ..           14,178 

Idaho                                        ..1         54,520 

Washington                                        119,041 

Oregon                                                 132,  669 

California                                              326,756 

Alaska                                                                 13 

Hawaii                                                           4  028 

26 

TABLE  XIV.  —  Butter,  <'heex<',  and  condensed-milk  factories,  includiny  all  "creameries" 
and  urban  dairy  establishments. 

[From  the  census  of  the  United  States  for  1900,  1890,  1880,  1870.] 


Totals  for  the  United  States.                        1900.«                  188 

| 
0."                  1880.                   1870. 

Number  of  establishments  reporti 
Capital  employed,  aggregate  
Plant  total  value 

ig                                  9  355 

4,712  3,932  1,313 
24,163  9,604,803  3,690,075 

89,572  ; 

.dollars..        36,508,015          16,  ( 
do               27  301  990           12  ( 

Land 

do        '         1  848  394             1  1 

14  025 

Buildings 

do               11  556  444             5  " 

38  406 

Machinery  

do  •       13,897,152             '\'. 

37,141  
>34,591  !  

75,  182  i  .  ..... 

Live  assets  
Expenses  total  amount 

do  9,206,025  i          4,.= 
do  i         1,590,766                J 

Employees          .            .  .    average 

number..            ''15,693 

14,921  :  7,903  4,007 
90,705  1,546,495  706.566 

64,574  1  18,363,57'.)  14,089,284 

30,741  
19  24'> 

Total  wages  paid  
Materials  used: 
Aggregate  cost  
For  butter  — 
Gathered  cream  
Milk 

.dollars..1         7.086.112            5.1 
.dollars..       109,151.205           51,1 

.pounds..      204,740,714         483,  t 
do          8  534  911  41'>     1  893  L 

Total  cost  
For  cheese  — 
Milk 

.dollars..         75,732.159           29.538,827           4.  (144,214    
pounds      2  749  313  613     2  684  550  517  : 

Total  cost 

dollars           22  007  515           16  < 

53.992  12,  692.  .507  14,089,284 

For  condensed  milk  — 
Milk 

pounds          4'>l  378  073           83  t 

Sugar  ... 

.  .do  50,  873,  859           13,  372,  365    '  

Total  cost 

dollars             8  907  021            2  79?  08f,           1  o^rt  S5X  i 

Fuel,  cost  .   .            

.do  1.712.612    . 

do                       18  667 

Mill  supplies            

.  do.      .               249,938 

Freight  .. 

...do...               523.833  ... 

«  Includes  urban  establishments.    See  p.  28. 

''In  addition  to  7,104  proprietors  and  firm  members. 


STATISTICS    OF    THE    DAIRY.  61 

TABLE  XIV. — Butter,  cheese,  and  condensed-milk  factories,  etc. — Continued. 


Totals  for  the  United  States. 


1900. 


1890. 


1880. 


1870. 


Products: 

Aggregate  value dollars..  131.199.277           62,686,043;      25,815,963           16,771,665 

Butter,  packed  solid — 

Quantity pounds. .  329, 291, 178 

Value  dollars. .  64, 034, 253 

Butter,  prints  or  rolls — 

Quantity pounds. .  j      91, 662, 83*    

Value dollars..        20,241.163    

Butter,  total  made- 
Quantity pounds..      420,954,016  !       181,284,916         29,421,784  ; 

Value  dollars..        84,275,416  36,675,411  ;        6,535,799    

Cream  sold— 

Quantity gallons..          7, 884.683 

Value dollars. .          4. 547, 536    

Cheese,  standard  factory — 

Quantity pounds. .      226, 136, 555        184, 158, 174    

Value dollars. .        21, 399, 527          16, 112, 871    

Cheese,  all  other  made- 
Quantity  pounds. .        56, 497. 933  53, 876, 891    

Value  dollars. .          5, 170, 953  3, 690, 080    

Cheese,  total  made- 
Quantity pounds..  282,634,488         238,035,065       215,885,361         109.435,229 

Value dollars..  26,570,480           19,802.951         17,659,123           16,710,569 

Condensed  milk- 
Quantity  pounds. .  186, 921, 787           37, 926, 821         13, 033, 267 

Value  dollars..  11,888,792             3,586,927           1,547,588 

Skim  milk,  value do 2,555,468 

Driedcasein do....  1584,291    \           570,416               73,453,               61.0% 

All  other  products do 977,294 


NOTE. — In  this  table  the  figures  in  the  column  for  1870  relate  to  cheese  factories,  no  other  product 
being  reported.  The  column  for  1880  requires  no  explanation  except  that  at  this  time  butter  factories 
or  creameries  had  become  numerous,  although  their  product  was  but  little  more  than  one-third  in 
value  of  the  factory  cheese  produced. 

For  1890  it  should  be  noted  that  the  figures  are  from  the  "  number  of  establishments  reporting.''  It 
is  known  that,  in  fact,  there  were  many  more  creameries  in  operation  in  the  country  in  1889-90  than 
the  number  reported  in  the  table.  The  aggregate  products  of  factory-made  butter  and  cheese  thus 
shown  must  be  considerably  less  than  the  actual  output  of  existing  factories.  The  census  returns  of 
total  dairy  products  of  the  United  States  for  1889  must,  therefore,  be  below  the  actual  facts. 

This  table,  although  thus  incomplete,  shows  the  rapid  growth  of  the  cooperative  or  factory  system 
of  dairying.  Farm  cheese  making  has  practically  disappeared  since  the  advent  of  cheese  factories  and 
creameries,  and  the  proportion  of  factory-made  butter  is  fast  increasing,  although  the  quantity  of 
butter  made  on  farms,  is  increasing  also. 

In  1900  the  number  of  creameries,  etc.,  for  New  York  was  1,928:  this  allows  one  for  every  25  square 
miles  in  the  State.  These  factories  thus  averaged  but  5  miles  apart,  giving  the  longest  average 
drive  for  their  patrons  as  about  3  miles. 

Wisconsin  reported  2,019  creameries  and  cheese  factories,  or  one  for  every  27  square  miles:  Ver- 
mont, one  for  every  36  square  miles;  Iowa,  one  for  every  61  square  miles,  and  Pennsylvania,  one  foi- 
l-very 60  square  miles. 

In  connection  with  this  table,  attention  is  called  t<>  the  Plates  II,  III.  and  IV. 


62 


BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 


TABLE  XV. — Xumber  and  value  of  milch  cows  in  the  United  States,  and  of  other  farm 
animate,  yearly,  1870  to  1903,  inclusive,  with  a  few  earlier  years. 

[From  the  Annual  Reports  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture.] 


Year. 

Milch  t-ows. 

Oxen  and  other  cattle. 

Horses. 

Total  value 
of  farm 
animals. 

Jan.  1  — 
1840  
1850.... 
1860  
1870.... 

Xumber. 

4,837,043 
6,385,094 
8,  585,  735 
10,  095,  600 

Value. 
872,  555,  000 
127,  840,  880 
264,  643,  375 
394,  940,  745 

Number. 

10,171,586 
11,393,813 
17,034,284 
15,388,500 

Value. 

Number. 

4,  335,  669 

Value. 

4,  336,  719 
6,  249,  174 

55  14,180,516 
1,089,329,915 
1,822,327,377 

$346,  926,  440 

8,  248,  800 

8671,319,461 

1871  .... 
1872.... 

10,023,000 
10,  303,  500 

374,179,093 
329,  408,  983 

16,212,2(10 

16,  389,  800 

369,  940,  0.56 
321,562,693 

8.  702,  000 
8,990,900 

683,  257,  587 
659,707,916 

1,  810,  142,  711 
1,659,211,933 

1873.... 

10,  575,  900 

314.358,931 

16,  413,  800 

329,  298,  755 

9.  222,  470 

681,463,957 

1,684,431,693 

1874.... 

10,  705,  300 

299,  609.  309 

16.218,100 

310,  649,  803 

9,333,800 

666,  927,  406 

1,619,944,472 

1875.... 

10,  906,  800 

311,089,824 

16,  313,  400 

304,  858,  859 

9,  504,  200 

646,  370,  939 

1,618,012,221 

1876.... 

11,  0&5,  400 

320,  346,  728 

16,  785,  300 

319,  623,  509 

9,  735.  300 

632,  446,  985 

1,647,719,138 

1877.... 

11,260,800 

307,  743.  211 

17,956,100 

307,  105,  386 

10,  155,  400 

610,  206,  631 

1,576,506,083 

1878.... 

11,300,100 

298,  499,  866 

19,  223,  300 

329,541,703 

10,  329,  700       600,  813,  681 

1,574,620,783 

1879.... 

11,  826,  400 

256,  953,  928 

21,408,100 

329,  543,  327 

10,  938,  700       573,  254,  808 

1,445,423.062 

1880.... 

12,027,000 

279,  899,  420 

21,231,000 

341,761,154 

11,201,800 

613,  296,  611 

1,576,917,5-56 

1881.... 

12,  368,  653 

296,  277,  060 

20,  938,  710 

362,861.509 

11,429,626 

667,  954,  325 

1,721,795,252 

1882.... 

12,611,632 

326,  489,  310 

23,280,238 

463,  069.  501 

10,521,554 

615,  824,  914 

1,906,468,252 

1883.... 

13,  125,  6*5 

396,  575,  405 

28,  046,  077 

611,549,109 

10,838,110 

7(55,041,308 

2,  338,  215,  768 

1884.... 

13,501,206 

423,486,649 

29,046,101 

683,229,054 

11,169,683 

833,734,400 

2,467,868,924 

1885.... 

13,  904,  722 

412,  903,  093 

29,  866,  573 

694,382,913 

11,564,572 

852,  282,  947 

2,  456,  428,  383 

1886.... 

14,235,388 

389,  985,  523 

31,275,242 

661,  956,  274 

12,077,657  ;     860,823.208 

2,  365.  159.  862 

1887.... 
1888.... 
1889.... 

14,522,083 
14,  856,  414 
15,  298,  625 

378,  789,  589 
366,  252,  173 
366,  226,  376 

33,  511,  750 
34,  378,  363 
35,  032,  417 

663,  137,  926 
611,750,520 
597,238,812 

12,  4%,  744 
13,  172,  936 
13,  663,  294 

901,  685,  755 
946,  0%,  154 

2,  400,  586,  938 
2,  409,  043,  418 

982,  194,  827 

2,507,0.50,058 

1890.... 

15,  952,  883 

353,  152,  133 

36,849,024 

560,  625,  137 

14,  213,  837 

978,  516,  562 

2,  418,  766.  028 

1891.... 

16,  019,  591 

346,  397,  900 

36,  875,  648 

544,  127,  908 

14,  056,  750 

941,823,222 

2,  329,  787,  770 

1892.... 

16,416,351 

351,  378,  132 

37,  651,  239 

570,  749,  155 

15,498,140 

1,  007,  593,  636 

2,461,755,698 

1893.... 

16,424,087 

357,  299,  785 

35,  954,  196 

547,  882,  204 

16,206.802    •   992,225,185 

2,  483,  506,  681 

1894  

16,  487,  400 

358,  998,  661 

36,608.168 

536,  789,  747 

16,081,139  j     769,224,799 

2,  170,  816,  754 

1895  

16,504,629 

362,601,729 

34,  364,  216 

482,  999,  129 

15,893,318 

576,730,580 

1,819,446,306 

1896.... 

16,137,586 

363,  955,  545 

32,085,409 

508,928,416 

15,  124,  057 

500,  140,  186 

1,727,926,084 

1897.... 

15,941,727 

369,  239,  993 

30,508,408 

507,  929,  421 

14,  364,  667 

452,  649,  396 

1,655,414,612 

1898.... 

15,  840,  886 

434,  813,  826 

29,  264,  197 

612,296,634 

13,960,911 

478,362,407 

1,891,577,471 

1899.  .  .  . 

15,  990,  115 

474,233,925 

27,  994,  225 

637,931,135 

13,  665,  307 

511,074,813 

1,997,010,407 

1900.... 

16,292,360 

514,812,106 

27,  610,  0.54 

689,  486,  260 

13,  537,  524 

603,  969,  442 

02,042,650,813 

1901.... 

16,  833,  657 

505,  093,  077 

45,  500,  213 

906,644,003 

16,744,723       885,200,168 

3,011,254,076 

1902.... 

16,  6%,  802 

488,  130,  324 

44,  727,  797 

839,  126,  073 

16,531,224       968,935,178 

2,  989,  170,  150 

1903.  .  .  . 

17,  105,  227 

516,711,914 

44,659,206 

824,054,902 

16,557,373   1,030,705,959 

1 

3,  102,  515,  540 

«  Exclusive  of  hogs. 

NOTE. — Some  of  the  figures  above  agree  exactly  with  those  of  the  census  for  the  corresponding 
year.  In  other  cases,  for  census  years,  the  numbers  of  animals  as  reported  by  the  Department  differ 
somewhat  from  those  of  the  census. 

These  numbers  are  understood  to  represent  only  animals  on  farms. 

The  values  from  1870  to  1878  were  currency  values;  those  for  1880  and  later  were  on  gold  basis. 


STATISTICS    OF    THE    DAIRY. 

TABLE  XVI. — Furm  statistics  l»j  States. 
[From  the  Twelfth  United  States  Census,  1900.] 


63 


States  and  Territories.            P°P 

,            Persons 
"inagri-  ,     Farms, 
culture." 

Average   Dairy  cows     All  other 
size  of       on  farms     neat  cattle 
farms,     and  ranges,  over  1  year. 

The  United  States               76,  3ft 

Number.        y  umber. 
5,387     10,438,219       5,739,657 

Acres.        y  umber,        y  umber. 
147     17,139,674       35,349,  563 

North  Atlantic  Division  21,044 

5,695  1     1,074,412          677,506 

%       3,  4%,  266         1,585,350 

Maine  '        69- 

1,466  ,          76,923            59,299 
1,588            38,782            29.324 
J,  641             49,  820            33,  104 
j,346            66,551             37,715 
5,556  1          10,957              5.498 
3,420            44,796            26,948 
3,894          375,990  i        •226,720 
J.669  |          68,881  ;          34,650 
2,115          341,712           224,248 

106           173,592             103,461 
123           115,036              71,332 
143          270,194             130,162 
83           184,  562              57,  761 
83            23,  660                7,  036 
86           126.434              53,324 
100       1,501,608            587,641 
82           157,407              42,892 
86          943,773            531,751 

New  Hampshire  41 

Vermont  34 

Massachusetts  2,  80. 

Rhode  Island  42 

Connecticut  90. 

New  York                                   7,  26. 

New  Jersev                                 1,  88. 

Pennsylvania                            6,  301 

South  Atlantic  Division  10,  44 

?,480       2,032,569           962,225 

108       1,383,319         2,106,982 

Delaware  18 

1,735            19,002              9,687 
8,  044            95,  554            46,  012 
8,718              1,488                  269 
4,  184           300,  268           167,  886 
8,800           151,722             92,874 
3,810           459,306          224,637 
D,  316           393,  693           155,  355 
5,331           522,848           224,691 
8,  542            88,  688            40,  814 

110            32,591               12,226 
112           147,284              89,897 
32  :            1,251                    142 
119  '.        281,876            381,583 
115           205,  001             300,074 
101           233,178            248,654 
90           126,684             128,480 
118          276,024            411,888 
107             78,  830            534,  038 

Man-land  1,18 

District  of  Columbia  ...           27 

Virginia  1,85 

West  Virginia  95 

North  Carolina  1,89 

South  Carolina  1,34 

Georgia  2,21 

Florida  52 

North  Central  Division                 26,  33 

3,004       3,508,808       2,196,  567 

144       8,490,284       14,819,176 

Ohio.                                             4,15 

7,545          414,  962           276,719 
6,462          342,733           221,897 
1,550          462,781           264.151 
0,982  '        312,462           203,261 
9,042           270,007           169,795 
1,394           258,944           154,659 
1,853          371,604           228,622 
6,665          463,293          2*4,880 
9,146            71,626            45,332 
1,570            82,857            52,622 
6,300           186,587           121,525 
0,495          271,252           173,098 

88  ;        818,239            740.490 
97           574,276             682,093 
124       1,007,004         1,373,024 
86           563,905            437.021 
117           998,  397            692.  365 
170           753,632             551,699 
151        1,423,61s         2,053,703 
119           705,386         1.579.886 
343           125.503             375,  511 
362           270,  634             933,  025 
240           512,  .>44          1  .  909,  199 
241           676,456         2.891,160 

Indiana                                      2,51 

Illlinois                                      4  82 

Michigan                                    2,42 

Wisconsin  .                                2,  06 

Minnesota.                                 1,75 

Iowa  2,  23 

Missouri.                                    3,10 

North  Dakota                                31 

South  Dakota                          i        40 

Nebraska..     .                            1,06 

Kansas  '1,47 

South  Central  Division  14,  OH 

0,047       3,300,817       1,058,106 

155  i     2,  899,  236        10,  924  .  148 

Kentucky  2,14 

7,174           408,185          234,667 
0,616           413,406           224.623 
8,697           515,737           223.220 
1  ,  270            490.  5X2            220.  M>3 
1,625           295.415           115.909 
8,710           044.63-1            352,190 
«,331  '>          94,931              62,495 
2,060  '           92,418             45,  505 
I,fi64           345.479           178,694 

94           364,025             468.721 
91            321.676             354.507 
93           279.  263             307,  074 
83            299.318              335.  137 
95  1          184,  SI  5              3  15.655 
357           861,023         6,  41*.  912 
252            105.S52          1,243,775 
It*)            110.0S7          l.l.'.2,rvH2 
93           312,577             327,485 

Tennessee                                   2  02 

Alabama  1  82 

Mississippi  i,  5S 
Louisiana  1,38 

Texas  3,04 

(  iklnlii  HUH  39 

Indiiin  Tcrritcirv                           38 

Arknii.sHN  1,31 

Western  Division..                           4  08 

1.349           466,  159           242,908 

I            386           S60.528         5,832.539 

Montana                                          2-1 

3.329             2*,693             13,370 
y  531  '          13  407              0  095 

886             45.036             735.818 
1,333              18,272             542.242 
384             100.110          1.061,048 
417  <          16.775            7S6.322 

Wyoming.  .   ....                        8 

Colorado       ...                        53 

V.  700             44,  904             24,  700 
5,310             27.211              12,311 

Nt-w  Mr.xico  18 

64 


BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 
TABLE  XVI. — Farm  statistics  l»j  States — Continued. 


States  and  Territories. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Persons 
"in  agri- 
culture." 

Farms. 

Average 
size  of 
farms. 

Dairy  cows 
1   on  farms 
and  ranges. 

All  other 
neat  cattle 
over  1  year. 

Western  Division  —  Continued. 
Arizona  

122,931 

yumlier. 
16.  174 

y  umber. 
5,809 

Acre*. 
333 

y  umber. 
17  965 

y  umber. 
589  489 

Utah  

276,  749 

29,414 

19  387 

212 

65  905 

198  845 

Nevada  

42,  335 

5,890 

2  184 

1  175 

13  606 

290  525 

Idaho 

161,772 

27,489 

17  471 

183 

51  929 

•>25  207 

Washington 

518,  103 

61,  113 

33  202 

256 

107  ''32 

18'>  561 

Oregon  

413,  536 

58,490 

35  837 

281 

122  447 

409  533 

California  . 

1.485  053 

152  371 

72  542 

397 

307  245 

807  949 

Alaska 

63  592 

367 

12 

13 

13 

Hawaii 

154  001 

5'i  0  "6 

•'  ->73 

1  148 

4  028 

81  363 

TABLE  XVII. — Population  and  number  of  cows  per  square  mile  of  land  surface  in  each 

State  and  Territory  in  1900. 


States  and  Territories. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Cows. 

States  and  Territories. 

Popula-       Cows 

United  States  <i  

25.  62 

6.10 

Nebraska         .                   

13.88 
!            .39 
45.71 
250.32 
1.59 
152.64 
38.98 

7.14 
.13 
13.19 
22.  30 
.15 
32.  30 
5.08 
1.87 
21.31 
4.37 
1.40 
22.  72 
23.77 
4.52 
3.64 
8.43 
3.53 
.90 
30.28 
7.  52 
1.78 
8.83 
18.97 
.20 

Nevada  

35.48 
1.09 
24.  73 
9  V 

5.86 

t>.  30 
2.09 

27.  35 

1.55 
5.03 

19.01 
26.67 

9.69 
4.34 
6.21 
15.98 
24.81 
10.48 
9.97 

11.85 
.33 

New  Hampshire  

New  Jersey  

New  Mexico  

5.  21 
187.  .50 
94.25 
9.74 

37  58 

New  York  

North  Carolina  

North  Dakota  

4.55 
102:  00 
10.26 
i          4.37 
140.09 
406.99 
44.43 
5.23 
48.40 
11.62 
3.37 
37.62 
46.21 
7.  75 
38.90 
38.00 
|            .95 

Ohio  

Oklahoma  

g 

1.92 
86.10 
70.08 
40.23 
18.00 
53.68 
30.42 
23.23 
120.49 
348.92 
42.  16 
22.11 
33.48 
45.20 
1.67 

Oregon  

Illinois 

Pennsylvania  

Rhode  Island  

South  Carolina  

South  Dakota  

Tennessee  

Texas  

Utah  

Vermont  

Virginia  

Washingtoti  

g 

We»t  Virginia  

Wisconsin  

Wyoming  

Montana  

"Not  including  Hawaii  and  Alaska. 
NOTE. — Plate  1  which  is  seen  opposite  page  48  serves  to  illustrate  Table  XVII. 


BULLETIN  No.  65,  B.  A.  I. 


PLATE  IV. 


BULLETIN  No.  55,  B.  A.  I. 


PLATE  V. 


EXTRA  IN  NEW  YORK.  — •  UNITED  STATES  IN  LONDON. 


YEAR    «S  JAN  FIB  MAR  APR |  MAY  JUN;JUL   AUG   SEP  OCT  NOV  DEC  £;  YEAR 


DIAGRAM  SHOWING  BUTTER  QUOTATIONS  IN  NEW  YORK  AND  LONDON. 


STATISTICS    OF    THE    DAIRY. 


65 


TABLE  XVIII. — Pounds  of  cheese  and  butter  produced  j>er  wjuare  mile  of  land  surface  in 
each  State  and  Territory  hi  1900. 


States  and  Territories. 

Cheese.      Butter. 

States  and  Territories. 

Cheese.      Butter. 

United  State** 

100.  67         502.  55 

7  52           601  83 

1.59             10.87 
24.55       1,268.17 
16.  53           959.  45 
.56              2.  56 
2,  738.  76       2,  427.  70 
.  59          348.  16 

Alabama  

0.90         371.35 

New  Hampshire  

New  Jersey  

44.  40         219.  04 

New  Mexico  

New  York  

74.69     1,754.65 
7.71     1,326.45 
.  07           25.  56 
.  04         257.  04 
4.64           35.03 
167.53     1,546.43 
40  07     1  ^''O  94 

North  Carolina  1 

North  Dakota  1 

4.22           137.36 
474.08       2,150.85 
2.  88          227.  52 
17.58           106.63 

Ohio  

Oklahoma  

•  Oregon  

Pennsylvania  

247.  30       2,  476.  27 
6.  41           604.  26 
.  04           270.  15 
7.26           306.74 
.  79           702.  29 
.  74           183.  93 
24.86  '          64.87 
560.46       4,519.77 
2.  22           500.  35 
24.43           158.05 
4.67           688.79 
1,457.93       1,957.28 
.  26              9.  41 

Rhode  Island  

82.  00     -1,  506.  04 
33.  22         732.  40 
1.84         768.45 
2.  97         108.  28 
32.75  i      690.27 
34.33     1,180.85 
33.60  !  1,193.19 
187.30     1,182.33 

South  Carolina  

South  Dakota  

Tennessee  

Texas  

Utah  

Vermont  

Virginia  

Michigan  

Washington  

West  Virginia  

M*      '      ' 

Wisconsin  

Missouri  

23.  90         684.  19 
.21            17.12 

TABLE  XIX.  —  Rank  of 

each   State  nnd    Territory   in    1'JOO  in  regar( 
tfi-.f  —  Continued. 

[I'nited  States  Census.] 

'  to  rar;ons  mat- 

States  and  Territories. 

, 

a 

-             ~          7- 

=      ?   '  £ 

-/-         i  '  i    * 

=               2              5 

'"5        ~         £         e       %£ 

1  '  1  '  i  !  I    1 

7.;        Z^       JT.. 

8     '  5       o 

i 

Arizona 

5         46  ;      45 

16           IS           16          21          46 
Hi          IS  •        19          39          28 
17          15          15            7          36 
3S          38          :*7          15          39 
31          29          34          23             I 
13           13           11           II            9 
39           II           13           16          35 
21          26          26           17          24 
11           11   |       40          22          43 
3            5            6            6          10 
11           11           10          16          11 
2            21            9          19 
10          12            9          11          31 
11          11          16         35          12 
27          37          3'.»          :«)          27 

46          17           31 
26         26           42 
3ti         :U            1  1 
41          41            23 
3           7             9 
12          10           24 
31          43           46 
:«)         32           47 
43         42           29 
10  '         8             7 
13  '         9            12 
•J  I        2             « 
21          IS           15 
19          17           35 
33         3S           32 

Arkansas   . 

25  i       25          14 

California  

2  '       21   1       24 

Colorado  

7         31          37 

46          2*1          38 

47          44          44 

Florida 

24         32         28 

19          11            2 

Idaho                              .  . 

10         45         42 

Illinois 

21            3           6 

Indiana                      

37           H          15 

22          10          13 

12         22         20 

Kentucky            

35          12          10 

I/oiiisiana  .  . 

:M)         23          111 

66 


BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 


TABLE  XIX. — Rank  of  each   State  and    Territory  in   1900  in   regard  to  various  mat- 
ters— Continued. 


States  and  Territories.              z 

3 

Population. 

Persons  in  agri- 
culture. 

Number  of  cows. 

'w 

eZ 

Butter  produced. 
Cheese  produced. 

Persons  per  square 
mile. 

o 
Ei 

X 

O 

liutter  per  square 
mile. 

Cheese  per  square 
mile. 

Maine  39 

30        30 

28 

22 

20         18 

29 

27 

20 

16 

Maryland  .  .     .            :      41 

26         26 

31 

30 

27         24 

14 

14 

13 

Massachusetts  .                 44 

7         33 

26 

20 

32         26 

2 

5 

12 

14 

Michigan  ...               .     .            .  .         20 

9         17 

12 

8           5 

18 

17 

13 

6 

Minnesota.                   .              ...        13 

19         22 

9 

8 

7         10 

30 

18 

15 

10 

Mississippi                                                 °9 

•>0           4 

18 

'•3 

23         42 

26 

25 

27 

40 

Missouri                                                  17 

5          5 

8 

10 

12         17 

16 

16 

22 

20 

Montana                                                   3 

42         41 

42 

40 

42         40 

44 

44 

44 

45 

Nebraska                                                15 

27         23 

13 

13 

13         19 

32 

24 

24 

25 

Nevada                                                     0 

48         48 

48 

46 

44         29 

48 

48 

45 

36 

New  Hampshire  43 

36         39 

37 

31 

28         27 

15 

15 

11 

18 

New  Jersey  45 

16         32 

30 

28 

36         31 

3 

8 

16 

22 

New  Mexico  4 

43         43 

47 

47 

48         36 

45 

47 

48 

43 

New  York  ..       ''8 

1         12 

^ 

1 

2           1 

5 

1 

4 

1 

North  Carolina                        ...         ''7 

15           7 

24 

25 

25         41 

20 

29 

29 

41 

North  Dakota                                        16 

40         31 

35 

34 

31  ,      25 

40 

37 

37 

30 

Ohio  33 

4           8 

6 

5           3 

8 

9 

5 

4 

Oklahoma                                              36 

38         ->7 

99 

35 

33         33 

34 

32 

33 

33 

Oregon                                                      9 

35         35 

33 

33 

30         13 

41 

40 

39 

21 

Pennsylvania                                        31 

2         16 

3 

3           4 

6 

3 

Rhode  Island  48 

34         47 

44 

42 

47         45 

1 

6 

23 

27 

South  Carolina  .        38 

24         11 

32 

36 

35         48 

17 

31 

31 

48 

South  Dakota...                                    14 

37         29 

22 

24 

18         20 

38 

34 

30 

26 

Tennessee  32 

14           9 

15 

16 

17         38 

13 

22 

19 

38 

Texas  1 

6           1 

6 

9 

11         28 

33 

35 

35 

39 

Utah  11 

41         40 

40 

39 

38  '      12 

42 

42 

40 

17 

Vermont                                                 4° 

39         36 

23 

17 

14           8 

23 

9 

1 

3 

Virginia  34 

17          18 

20 

19 

21         34 

14 

23 

25 

34 

Washington  i      18 

33         34 

36 

32 

29         14 

37 

38 

36 

19 

West  Virginia  '40 

28         25 

25 

27 

24  !      32 

21 

20 

21 

28 

Wisconsin  '      23 

13         21 

4 

4 

4           2 

99 

11 

6 

2 

Wyoming  •.        8 

47         46 

45 

45 

45         43 

47 

45 

46 

44 

NOTE.— The  above  table  is  based  on  data  in  Tables  XIII,  XVI.  XVII,  and  XVIII.  The  first  three 
columns  show  the  rank  of  each  State  and  Territory  in  size,  total  population,  and  agricultural  popula- 
tion. The  next  two  columns  show  their  rank  in  the  total  number  of  cows  and  total  milk  production. 
It  will  be  seen  that  in  almost  every  case  where  dairying  is  extensively  practiced  a  State  ranks  higher 
in  total  milk  production  than  number  of  cows,  showing  the  superior  class  of  stock.  The  sixth  and 
seventh  columns  show  the  rank  in  the  total  production  of  butter  and  cheese.  The  last  four  columns 
show  intensity,  and  are  more  interesting  in  some  respects  than  any  of  the  others.  One's  opinion  of 
the  condition  of  dairying  in  any  State  is  often  formed  by  the  total  production,  which  depends  largely 
on  the  size  of  the  State.  But  some  of  the  small  States  may  have  a  much  higher  development  of  thei'r 
dairy  industry  and  produce  more  per  square  mile  than  large  ones  that  produce  a  large  total,  as  is 
shown  in  Table  XVIII.  The  ranks  of  the  States  and  Territories  in  regard  to  production  per  square 
mile  are  given  in  the  last  two  columns. 


STATISTICS    OF    THE    DAIRY. 


67 


TABLE  XX. — Arernge  value  of  a  row  in  the  United  States  for  the  years  stated. 
[United  States  Census  and  Department  of  Agriculture.] 


Year. 


January  1— 

1850 

1860 

1870 

1880 

1885 

1890 

1895 

1896  . . . 


Value. 


Value. 


820.02 
30.82  j 
«32.74 
23.27 
29.70 
22.14 
21.97 
22.55 

anuary  1  — 
1897 

823.  16 

27.  45 
29.  G6 
31.60 
29.68 
29.  23 
30.21 

189S 

1899 

1900 

1901  ft    .   . 

1902.                

1903  

"On  gold  basis. 


^Census  June  1,  1900. 


TABLE  XXI.—  Registered  or  pedigreed  cattle  of  selected  breeds  in  the  United  States  and 
their  values  (estimates  furnished  by  the  secretaries  of  the  respective  breeders'  associa- 
tions). 

[From  Report  for  1885,  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture.] 


Breed. 

Number 
registered. 

Number 
living. 

Average 
value. 

Total  value. 

3,500 

8300 

81  050  000 

Ayrshire 

12,  867 

6,433 

100 

643  300 

Devon  

10,  187 

8,000 

81 

648.000 

Guernsey 

4,947 

3,100 

149 

461  000 

Hereford 

14,000 

300 

4  200  000 

Holstein-Friesian 

21.  138 

20,081 

200 

4  016  200 

Jersey 

51,000 

[For  the  year  1895.  as  reported  to  the  Dairy  Division.] 


Ayrshire 18, 750  9, 375 

Brown-Swiss I  1,930  1,200 

Devon 17. 007  14. 500 

Dutch-Belted 971  720 

Guernsey 12, 547  !  8, 500 

Holstein-Friesian 90,325  70,000 

Jersey 150, 000  100, 000 

"Maine  State"  Jersey !  3,927  2,800 

Red  Polled..  4.408  3.000 


[For  the  year  1903,  a*  reported  t<>  the  Dairy  Division.] 


Ayrshire 

25.  Ml 

8,  500 

Brown-Swiss  .                  3.25s 

1,800 

Devon  .  . 

20.  717 

9.000 

Dutch-Belted  1  .  VJ  1 

600 

Guernsey 

24,337 

15,000- 

Holstein- 

Friesian  115,  otw 

75,  000 

Jersev  .. 

237.T.NI 

125.000 

Polled  Durham  r,.  077 

5,000 

Polled  Jersev  •>•; 

250 

Re<l  P.  .11. 

d  30,  330 

2.5,  l»0 

Shorthorn"  ,v,i.  R39 

420,  (100 

8100 
150 

81 
200 
165 
100 
100 

55 


8UHI 


200 
140 
130 
100 
SO 
100 
150 
170 


8937. 500 

180,  (XX) 

1.174,500 

144,000 

1,402,500 

7.000.000 

10. 000. 000 

15-1.000 

240. 000 


8850, 000 

135, 000 

675, 000 

120. 000 

210, 000 

9,750,000 

12.500,000 

400.000 

•25.000 

3, 750. 000 

71.  400.000 


i  Niiinl«T»  and  average  value  refer  ehietlv  to  beef  stock. 


68 


BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


TABLE  XXII. — Grotvth  of  the  factory  gyxtem  in  the    United  States — Vtutex,  years,  and 
number  of  factories,  from  various  sources. 


Year, 

Num- 
ber. 

Year. 

Num- 
ber. 

United  States 

1850 

8 

Iowa 

1866 

1 

1860 

10 

1870 

14 

1861 
1864 
1870 

56 
402 
1,313 

1874 

1888 
1894 

45 
468 

870 

Connecticut 

1900 
1851 

9,  355 

1 

Maine 

1900 
1869 

907  ' 
1 

1870 

1874 

40 

1880 

16 

1880 

41 

1890 

50 

1890 

42 

Illinois.  .  . 

1900 
1862 

72 
1 

1894 
1900 

58 
til 

1874 

45 

New  York  

1851 

1 

1875 

200 

1861 

3 

1890 

260 

1864 

269 

1894 

530 

1865 

484 

1900 

534 

1874 

1,018 

1900 

1,928 

Year. 

Num- 
ber. 

Ohio  1850 

2 

1862 

•I 

1874 

108 

1880 

452 

1890 

361 

1900 

484 

Vermont  1870 

28 

1874 

32 

1880 

85 

1890 

124 

1894 

250 

1900 

255 

Wisconsin  1841 

1 

1864 

2 

1865 

30 

1872 

150 

1874 

175 

1900 

2,019 

The  first  cheese  factory  and  first  creamery  were  started,  respectively,  in  New  York  in  1.S61  and 
1864;  in  Illinois,  1862  and  1870;  in  Iowa,  1866  and  1871. 


DAIRY    STATISTICS    LATER     THAN     1900    RELATING     TO     SEVERAL 

STATES. 

CALIFORNIA. 

[From  the  Fourth  Report  of  the  State  Dairy  Bureau.] 

There  were  (October  1,  1902)  4,320  farmers  and  dairymen  owning 
herds  of  1< )  or  more  cows  who  were  engaged  in  the  production  of 
butter,  cheese,  or  milk.  In  the  same  year  there  were  in  the  State  292 
creameries,  3-tl  cheese  factories,  and  5  condensed-milk  factories.  The 
amount  of  creamery  butter  made  in  1901  was  19,017,512  pounds,  and, 
in  1902,  21,593,021  pounds.  The  annual  value  of  the  dairy  output  was 
as  follows: 

Output  of  dairy  products  hi  1900-1!>01. 

29,730,889  pounds  of  butter $6,  83S,  103 

5,679,566  pounds  of  cheese 567,  956 

100,140  cases  of  condensed  milk  and  cream 380,  532 

Milk  and  cream  consumed 6,  236,  557 

Calves  from  dairy  cows 1 ,  422,  603 

fs  produced  at  dairies  and  creameries 1 ,  641,  459 


17.0S7,  210 
Output  of  dairy  product*  hi  19O1-02. 

31,424,135  pounds  of  butter $7,541,  792 

6,503,441  pounds  of  cheese 702,  371 

146,680  cases  of  condensed  milk  and  cream 564,  758 

Milk  and  cream  consumed 6,  236,  555 

( 'al ves  from  dairy  cows 1 ,  568,  040 

Skim  milk,  etc.,  made  into  pork 1,  710,  040 


18, 323.  556 
COLORADO. 
[From  the  Annual  Kc|xirl.  Novi'inlwr.  1902.  of  T.  I..  Munsoii.  State  Dairy  roinmisMoiHT.] 

The  number  of  creameries,  cheese  factories,  and  skimming  stations 
was  S»J  in  19O2.  The  total  number  of  dairy  cows  was  Sl,54t>,  of  which 
2ti,  1»50  supplied  market  milk,  20,000  supplied  the  creameries,  and  2,500 
supplied  the  cheese  factories.  The  milk  from  I2,ooo  was  used  in 
making  ranch  butter,  and  5oo  supplied  milk  to  condensed-milk  fac- 
tories; the  remainder  were  dry. 


70 


BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 


Value  of  dairy  products,  1902. 

(5,716,000  pounds  creamery  butter,  at  25  cents $1,  679,  000 

2,336,000  pounds  of  ranch  butter,  at  20  cents 467,  200 

1,788,500  pounds  cheese,  at  14  cents 250,  390 

518,400  cans  condensed  milk,  at  8J  cents  (average) 43, 198 

5,840,000  quarts  cream  consumed  and   used   in   ice   cream 

manufacture,  at  16  cents 934, 400 

89,936,000  quarts  pure  milk  consumed,  at  3|  cents  per  quart, 

wholesale 2,  922, 920 

Skim  milk  and  buttermilk,  at  one-half  cent  per  quart,  whole- 
sale    332, 880 

All  dairy  products 6,  629,  988 

INDIANA. 

[From  township  assessors'  returns  furnished  by  B.  F.  Johnson,  Chief  Indiana  Bureau  of  Statistics,  for 

the  year  1902.] 

Number  of  milch  cows 543,  648 

Butter  made  on  farms,  pounds 34,  755,  464 

Cheese  made  on  farms,  pounds 6,  762,  731 

Milk  produced  on  or  sold  from  farms,  gallons 145,  602,  678 

Creameries 58 

( 'heese  factories 2 

IOWA. 

[From  the  1901  Report  of  the  Iowa  State  Dairy  Commissioner.] 

. 

1899.  1900.  1901. 

. | j 

Number  of  patrons  of  creameries I      90,364  91,417  89,376 

Average  number  of  patrons  per  creamery 116  113  114 

Total  number  of  cows  contributing  to  creameries j    1125, 512  (>31, 829  !  627,  984 

Average  number  of  cows  per  creamery '           804  781  801 

Average  number  of  cows  per  patron i               7  7  7 

Number  of  creameries  that  use  Mann's  acid  test j  85  139 

Number  of  creameries  that  use  Farrington's  test I  22  1  35 

Number  of  creameries  that  pasteurize  the  skimmed  milk  78  205  j  270 

[From  the  1902  Report  of  the  Iowa  State  Dairy  Commissioner,  H.  R.  Wright.] 

Number  of  cows  per  1 ,000  persons 637 

Number  of  cows  per  square  mile 25 

Number  of  milch  cows  in  the  State 1,  423,  348 

Value  of  cows $34,  540,  890 

Number  of  creameries 920 

Number  of  creamery  patrons 81,  532 

Number  of  cheese  factories 52 

Butter  made  in  creameries  and  factories,  pounds. 77,  885,  696 

Cheese  made  in  creameries  and  factories,  pounds 3,  511,  798 

Average  price  of  Iowa  butter  at  New  York,  cents 24. 16 

Number  of  farm  separators 8,  323 

The  number  of  farm  separators  reported  in  1898  was  904;  in  1899, 
1,762;  in  1900,  3,332;  in  1901,  5,231;  in  1902,  8,323— showing  an 
increase  of  nearly  60  per  cent,  while  in  1903  there  were  16,800,  an 
increase  of  over  100  per  cent.  The  13  renovated-butter  factories  man- 
ufactured 4,530,388  pounds  of  renovated  butter.  Of  the  "packing1 


STATISTICS    OF    THE    DAIRY.  71 

stock"  for  this  product.  1,469,281  pounds  was  purchased  in  Iowa  ana 
3,001.107  pounds  was  purchased  elsewhere.  Almost  1,000,000  pounds 
of  this  renovated  butter  was  consumed  within  the  State. 

KANSAS. 
[Returns  from  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  Report  for  190iJ.] 

Number  of  milch  cows 791,  844 

Value  of  milch  cows $23,  755,  320 

Butter  made  on  farms,  pounds 27,  056,  683 

Butter  made  in  creameries  and  factories,  pounds 17.  294,  146 

Value  of  total  butter  made £7.  517.  332 

Chee.se  made  on  farms 147,  179 

Cheese  made  in  creameries  and  factories,  pounds 2.  878,  476 

Value  of  total  cheese  made $302,  565 

Value  of  milk  sold  otherwise  than  for  butter  and  cheese $725,  380 

MINNESOTA. 

[Statistics  furnished  by  \V.  \V.  1'.  McConnclI.  State  Dairy  Commissioner.] 
For  1902. 

Milk  received  at  creameries  and  cheese  factories,  pounds. .  1,  151,  684,  174 

Butter  made,  pounds 63,  726,  808 

Amount  paid  to  creameries  for  butter  sold $13,  909,  898 

Cheese  made,  pounds 3.  291 ,  1 71 

Amount  paid  to  cheese  factories  for  cheese  sold $292,  286 

Total  for  butter  and  cheese  (factory  product') $14,  202,  183 

Fur  190.1. 

January  1,  1903,  there  were  in  operation  681  creameries  (526  cooperative  and  155 
independent  or  individual),  53  skimming  stations,  and  141  cheese  factories.  The 
number  of  cows  supplying  milk  to  creameries  and  cheese  factories  was  382,356. 

lieport  of  Cheddar  cheese  huln^rii  for  I'.tai. 

Milk  received  by  factories,  pounds 33,  896,  724 

Cheese  made,  pounds .">.  291 ,171 

Milk  for  1  pound  of  cheese,  pounds 10.  3 

Price  per  JOO  pounds  of  milk  paid  patrons,  cents 75.  6 

Cheese  shipped  outside  of  State,  pounds 187.  803 

Cheese  sold  within  the  State,  pounds .">,  103,  368 

Total  amount  of  money  paid  patrons  for  milk $255,  581 

Total  number  of  Cheddar  cheese  factories 54 

The  statistics  below  combine  the  make  of  Swiss.  Brick,  and  Lim- 
burger  cheese  made  in  the  State.  The  report  shows  a  wonderful 
increase  over  two  years  ago: 

l!i/i<irt  of . ttrtit-i-iiril  nulnxti-ti  l<n-  /.'"//. 

Milk  received  by  factories,  pounds 5,  097,  824 

Cheese  made,  pounds 408.  429 

Milk  for  1  |K)imd  of  cheese,  pounds 10.  5 

Price  paid  patrons  for  100  pounds  milk,  <-cnts 71 

dices*'  sold  outside  State,  jwumds 9.  281 

Cheese  sold  within  State,  pounds 399.  14S 

Total  amount  of  money  paid  patrons  for  milk $36,  704 

Total  numl>er  of  swret-curd  cheese  factories 14 

14818— No.  f>r>— 04 II 


72 


BUREAU    OF    A^7IMAL    INDUSTRY. 


XK\V  YORK. 

[From  Bulletin  No.  6,  State  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  letter  from  Geo.  L.  Flanders,  assistant 

commissioner,  July  15,  1903.] 

New  York  has  01  counties;  dairy  establishments  are  operated  in  f>2 
of  them.     Statistics  are  as  follows  for  the  rear  1902: 


Establishments. 


Fac- 
tories. 


Butter.          Cheese. 


Xiuiibi/-.       1'iiuiuh.  I'oumla. 

Butter  factories 448  I  40.0(10.478    

Cheese  factories 1.010  ' 90, 000, 802 

Factories  making  both  butter  and  cheese 193      5.117.251  29,282,911 

Milk  stations 539  j     4. 040,  .501         4. 058, 523 

Condenseries 18  |         95, 504  ;         039, 280 

Total  .. 


2,208     49.919,794      123,9*7.516 


Increased  number  of  pounds  of  butter  over  1900 10,  736,  483 

Decreased  number  of  pounds  of  cheese  as  compared  with 

1900 -2,  671, 156 

Pounds  of  dried  casein  made  in  1902 6,  394,  711 

Received  at  milk  stations  and  condenseries,  1902  (milk  in 

quarts) 594,  815,  567 

.Milk  sold,  quarts 383,  498,  501 

Cream  sold,  quarts 15, 152,  363 

Condensed  milk  made,  quarts 35,  344,  450 

The  production  of  cheese  is  divided  as  to  variety  as  follows: 


Kind. 

1900. 

1902. 

Full  cream  .                                                 

105.  824,  927 

99,074,030 

Skim  ....                                             ..             

9,  222,  638 

12.128,307 

Pineapple                                                                 

24,480 

157,960 

Limburger                                                                                 .... 

2,897,434 

4,531,932 

Domestic  Swiss                                                                             

588,  022 

879,  533 

Kosher                                                                                                  

10,530 

438,  687 

D'lsignv 

821,747 

1,292,992 

Neufchatel 

1,171,305 

1,605,042 

Fromage  de  Brie 

141,890 

510,  312 

J            457,  685 

1.446,229 

Imitation  English  Cheddar 

.   :        4,809,928 

816,  150 

4,000 

Sage  

:              24,  319 

680 

391,667 

•7 

Other  kinds  ... 

40,000 

BULLETIN  No.  55,  B.  A.  I. 


PLATE  VI. 


MAP  OF  INDIANA.  WITH  LOCATION  OF  CREAMERIES.  ETC. 


BULLETIN  No.  5£ 


L  Y  M  C   U  T  H 


BULLETIN  No.  55,  B.  A.  I. 


STATK 

OF    IOWA 

Scale  t 

2n  miles  to  an  inch 

Number  of  cows  e 

Area  in 

square  miles,  56,025 

Population  in  tl 

Admitted  to  the  Union  as  a  State 

in  the  yea'-  18^5 

Number  of  cows 

First  en 

samery  established  in  the 

year  1871 

Population  11  1 

Cheese  factories  - 

Butter  andCheeseFactones 

Skimming  Stations 


STATISTICS  FO!^  THI-:  YEAR   19O: 

Number  of  creameries  in  Iowa,    920. 

Output   of  butter  from  creameries   and  factories,     77,  885,  696  p 

The   creameries    produce    more   than   one-half  of  the  total    butt 

Number  of  cheese  factories,   52 

Output    of   cheese  from  factories     3,  511,  798  pounds. 

Number   of  farm     separators,   8,323. 


MAP  OF  IOWA,  WITH  LOCATION  OF  CREAMERIE 


PLATE  VII. 


ed  in  the  year   1871,   400,000 
r    1871,    1,225.000 
;yearl900.    I,  479,676 
ir  1300    2.231.   853 


of  the   State 


BULLETIN  NC 


LP..  °2:.  j/ __ 


BULLETIN  NO.  55,  B.  A.  I. 


STATE    OK  XKW   YOHK 


Butter  Factories 
Cheese  Factories 
Butter  and  Cheese  Factories 


STATISTICS   KOI-;  TH  K  YhLUl 


Scale  of  map48  miles  :  i  inch 

Area  in  square  miles    ^9,170 

Admitted  to  theUnion  as  a  Slate,  July  2 6, 1788 

First  creamery  or  cheese  factory  established  in  1851 

Numberof  cows  in  1850.  931,324 

Population  in  I8SO  3,097  394 


Butter  factories,  448 
Cheese  factories,  1010. 
Factories  making  butte' 
Milk  stations  and  condo 
Totalfactory  butter  mGc 
Tctal  factory  cheese  n-i^ 


MAP  OF  NEW  YORK,  WITH  LOCATION  CF  CREAMERIE 


PLATE  VII! . 


ETIN  No.  55,  B.  A.  I. 


PLATE  IX. 


r 


LAWRENCE 


»  AMERICAN  CHEESE  FACTORIES //* 

*  SMSS  CHEESE  FACTORIES 92 

•  BUTTER  FACTORIES 148 

*FtCNOVATING    FACTORIES a 

•»•  SKIMMING  STATIONS 77. 

O  MILK  SHiPPiHG  STATIONS 3.1 

+  MHJ<  CONDENSER*  AT  KENT / 


STATE  OF  OHIO 


MA°  OF  OHIO  WITH  LOCATION  OF  CREAMERIES.  ETC. 


STATISTICS    OF    THE    DAIRY.  73 

NORTH   DAKOTA. 

[From  annual  report  of  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  and  Labor,  E.  K.  Kaufman,  assistant  dairy  and 

food  commissioner.] 

Number  of  cattle,  1902 463,  751 

Value  of  all  cattle $6,  287,  885 

Number  of  cows  used  for  dairying 73,  571 

Number  of  cheese  factories,  October.  19(12 4 

Numl>er  of  creameries 37 

Number  of  skimming  stations 5 

Number  of  creamery  patrons 1,  750 

Number  of  milch  cows  owned  by  patrons 13,  921 

Butter  made  at  creameries,  1901,  pounds ,.  1,  796,  576 

Butter  made  on  farms,  1901,  pounds 5,  794,  538 

Cheese  made  on  farms,  1901,  pounds 35,  653 

Total  value  of  milk  sold *293,  912 

Number  of  creameries,  1903 56 

Number  of  skimming  stations,  1903 5 

The  tirst  creamery  was  started  in  1SD5.  Nearly  l.ooo  separators 
were  sold  to  farmers  in  this  State  in  19o^,  so  that  there  are  fully 
2,000  of  these  machines  now  in  use.  In  addition  to  the  butter  and 
cheese  manufactured  within  the  State,  many  thousands  of  pounds  of 
cream  were  shipped  to  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  and  Aberdeen,  S.  Dak. 

OHIO. 
[Statistics  compiled  by  J.  \V.  Decker.  Columbus,  Ohio.] 

There  are  in  Ohio  (!'.><»:>)  about  800,000  milch  cows,  valued  at 
$25,000,000.  The  farms  on  which  they  are  kept  are  cared  for  by  an 
army  of  Xo.ooo  men.  The  creameries,  cheese  factories,  etc.,  are  as 
follows: 


C<tive'm~     Privtiu>-        ('"ln- 
pany. 

Number 
Notre-      ...       ,      ofcoun- 
ported.          ""•     ties  dis- 
tributed. 

Butter  factories          .                     .    ... 

53                S7                  tl 

•J           US                   5-J 

SkimmiiiK  stations        

18                .xi                  -1 

1             77                   :i(l 

American  cheese  factories  

5              107    

-'               111                           IS 

Swiss  cheese  factories  

ill                :U    

(J"J                     S 

Total  of  clasMlicntioii 

137              -2X1                  S 

")            -131                      (A 

Milk  shiiipiiik.'  Million*  .. 

•2-2                    10 

OREGON. 

[.I.  W.  Hitilcy.  State  dniry  commissioner.] 

Nnmlter  <>f  cheese  factories,  UH)2 175 

Numlier  «>f  creameries,  1902 141 

Cheese  made  in  factories,  estimated,  pounds 2,  235,  (K)0 

Butter  made  in  creameries,  estimated,  jxiuiids 4,  000,  000 

Hairy  butter  marketed  in  the  State,  estimated,  |x>unds II,  500,  000 

Cream  and  milk  salen,  estimated $1,800,  (XX) 

Value  of  dairy  products  (not  including  those  consumed  on 

farmsi    .                                                                                         .  $3,  597.  (XX) 


74 


BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 


The  output  of  butter  and  cheese  in  the  past  two  years  has  increased, 
according  to  the  best  information  obtainable,  about  50  per  cent.  There 
has  also  been  a  rapid  increase  in  the  number  of  creameries. 


WASHINGTON. 

[K.  A.  McDonald,  State  Dairy  Commissioner.' 


1901. 


VERMONT. 

[From  the  Thirty-third  Report  of  the  Vermont  Dairymen's  Association,  1903.] 

The  creameries  and  cheese  factories  are  classed  as  follows: 


190  creameries 

51  cheese  factories 


Number 

Proprie- 
tary. 

Cooper- 
ative. 

Not 
state'l. 

of 
counties 
repre- 

sented. 

83  '.            102 

,         « 

26 

24  !               1 

8 

WISCONSIN 
[,I.  Q.  Emery,  State  dairy  and  food  commissioner.] 

There  were  in  Wisconsin,  in  1902,  1,151  creameries  and  1,826 
cheese  factories.  Estimates  are  as  follows: 

Butter  made  in  creameries  and  on  farms,  pounds 118,  750,  000 

Cheese  made,  pounds 90,  360,  000 

Value  of  butter §23,  745,  000 

Value  of  cheese $9,  036,  000 

Value  of  condensed  milk _ , $347,  000 

Value  of  by-products  sold §700,  000 

Value  of  milk  and  cream  consumed §8,  500,  000 

Increase  in  value  of  stock $2,  500,  000 

Total  value  of  dairy  products $55,  000,  000 

The  Swiss  cheese  industry,  which  had  its  inception  when  a  little 
colon}T  of  Swiss  settled  in  Green  County  over  tifty  years  ago,  has 
developed  until  that  county  alone  has  over  2-±3  factories,  and  the  out- 
put of  500  factories  reaches  15,000,000  pounds  annually,  contributing 
materially  to  the  prosperity  of  that  portion  of  the  State. 


STATISTICS  OF  CATTLE,  COWS.  AM)   DAIRY  PRODUCTS   OF   FOREIGN 

COUNTRIES. 


Table  XXIII  gives  the  number  of  cows  and  cattle  in  countries  where 
such  statistics  have  been  collected.  In  most  cases  figures  are  given  for 
two  dates,  showing  increase  or  decrease  in  stock  raising.  The  figures 
are  taken  from  official  documents  and  such  reliable  publications  as 
the  Agricultural  Returns  for  Great  Britain,  the  Statesman's  Year 
Book.  Mohr's  Statistics  of  Stock  Raising  and  Dairying  in  Foreign 
Countries  (Hamburg),  and  special  consular  reports. 

TAHI.K  XXIII.  —  <  'nn:t  un<l  cnttlc  of  foreign  coiintrli'x  i'<>r  xtitted  t/t'itr*. 
[From  various  authorities.] 


Cows.       ]  All  cattle.       Year.          Cows.         All  cattle. 


If.  Xlllltlx 


Argentina                                               .        1SSS 

21.961,657         lsy5          l.stK).  7'.'9       "1.701, 

•    - 
!( 

836 
524 
384 
081 

:i  : 

(1*0 
t)26 
320 

• 

\ustralasin                                                        1S92 

1  219  7'Mi      1"  343  s.53         isyy          1   .|st;  s;;->        11   IM'I 

\ustralia                                                     1S92 

1   0"9  7"0      11   52°  05"         1*99          1    1C!  "76          'I  S3s 

\e\v  South  Wales                             1892 

365  110       "  147  071        1*99             3'H)  3"7         1   'ir,7 

Queensland  1S92' 
South  Australia                   1892 

1  25.  000        li,  591  ,416         1  syy           ,<  \  31  ,  (KM          5.  053. 
79,420            (125,  SS7         1*99                s  1.49s              52il, 
417,177  :      1.S2I.704          1901              52  i.  C>12          1.H02, 
S,000  '         162,SS6         1S99                22.5110              297. 
35,013             170,085         1S99                 I1.4S2               16(1. 
220,  (KIO             S21.S01          1900               372,  4  Hi   '        1.256, 
4,25-1,303        s.C.Ci.lKtt;         I'.HM)           1.7  14.  60S          9.506. 
S02.271         1.420.  97S,       I'.Hll               s:j|.H25          1.611;. 
'17  (MMI  (KKl         r.MXl                                "  "li  (Kid 

Victoria  .            .                  1S92 

Western  Australia         .                 1892 

Tasmania                     .   ..                  1892 

New  Zealand  1S92 

Vtistria                                   1*90 

Belgium           .                  1S95 

Bra/il                                                           1*91 

Canada                                                            1*91 

1.S57   11"         I   1°0  5sO 

British  Columbia  isyl 

17.5(»l             12i;.919         r.ml       125, 
s-j  71-'          ":;n  iiyti        iyo2                                   "s" 

002 
343 

Manitoba  1*91 

\"c\y  Brunswick                                   isyl 

l(«i,  619           'MM  (192     

N'ova  ;-cotia                                                   1S91 

141,r,M            :',"!   772         I'.Hll                                          31'i 

1 
584 

(  intario  isyl 

S76,  1C,7        1.940,|-,73         1'.MI2          1.I'1O,7H;          2.  5(',2. 

I'rinei   Kihvard  Island                          isyl 

-15,  s|y               91,li'.'5          I'.Hll                                              11" 

044 

7ss 

123 
S10 

The  Territories                                       isyi 

37,OO:;             "31    S-J7          1901                                             591, 

i  ,,|  f  i  ,,,,,.!  Mope                                      Is?:; 

1    'I'*1'  .s|XI          Is'l'.i            >ir,.'iO  IHK1           !    0",7 

1   (XT'  77<;         I'MHi                                      1    :!''7 

Chile  .                          .                                                 ]*.*•_> 

:;  1  1  INK)       is'.is                               ''.5tio. 

Cuba    1V.I2 

2  1*5  7r.t;       I'.HM     .             .         •_•.  155 

I  'en  mark                                                            Isxs 

'<5|  2.">O        1    I5'i  5"7         I'HI"          1    IIKI  IK  o       ••  1    713 

Finland                                                           1*90 

Frailer                                                            '     IS'.HI 

r,  .'my  :;"5     13  '*'<"  6*5       rxu         s  IH;S  s..7       1  1  1:73 

'i  ''16  l«;i       17   5V>  ii'M          I'M  li        Id    |5S  C,",l         )s  n",'i 

Hungary             .                                            l**o 

2,035,217      5,:;il.:;7*       1*95        2,1*5,221!      6.73*. 

1  49  th!.->  5'HI          I'.KKI        'Jl    sill  'X.1      >'5J    10| 

India  1     I.V.HI 

Italy  i     l**l 

2  3-')»;,  556         1   7*3  232         IS'NI                               ,    n5  (HHI 

.lamaica  ...       '.     1*9:; 

1  10  72(1         ISM'.I                               i            us 

.lapan  .  .                                                          I*V» 

i;i3,.V2-J         1,011.976    .      I'.HMI               1.19,912  1        1.261. 

'•  Are  fared  annually. 


<M'<'esnn|  include  hulTali 


76  BUKEAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 

TABLE  XXIII. — Cows  and  cattle  of  foreign  countries*  for  stated  years — Continued. 


Countries. 

Year. 

Cows. 

All  cattle. 

Year. 

Cows. 

All  cattle. 

1890 

Siimbcr. 
900,  500 

Xuntbt'i'. 
1  ,  532,  800 

1899 

Xumbrr. 
958,  400 

Xiiinbi'r. 
1  046  500 

1S91 

23,  822 

1899 

10,863 

lx7r> 

7-41  5<)S 

1  016  617 

1900 

689  503 

950  ''01 

1891 

81)1,954 

1900 

2  743  605 

Poland 

1888 

1     3,  013,  392 

1900 

3  003  629 

1890 

2,520,380 

1900 

1,838,039 

2  589  040 

Russia  in  Europe                          ..   .. 

1888 

">24.609,264 

1898 

43  580  900 

1895 

289,  501 

915,  428 

1900 

''  300,  000 

94'>  087 

1S80 

2,  4CO,  253 

1895 

2  217  659 

Sweden 

1S90 

1,578,927 

2.399,491 

1899 

1,706,915 

2  58''  555 

Switzerland 

1886 

663,  102 

1,212,538 

1901 

739,  922 

1  340  375 

United  Kingdom  

England 

1895 
1895 

3,  937,  590 
1,  786,  370 

10,753,314 
4,472  5f,5 

1902 
1902 

4,084,305 
1  841  356 

11,370,969 
4  611  937 

Scotland 

1895 

423  967 

1,177  917 

1902 

438,  890 

1  222  165 

Ireland 

1895 

1,433,960 

4,358,011 

1902 

1  510,701 

4  782  204 

Wales 

1895 

275,  483 

703,824 

1902 

275  880 

721  274 

Me  of  Man 

1895 

7  399 

21  13C 

1902 

6  910 

•>Q  ''71 

fJersev 

1895 

<;  7-js 

12  282 

1902 

6  686 

11  936 

Channel  Isles< 
[Guernsey 

1895 

3  663 

7  519 

1902 

3  881' 

6  582 

United  State* 

1890 

16  511  950 

51  363  572 

1900 

18  112  707 

'•69  438  758 

1892 

5  487  604 

1901 

0  3^6  601 



'Exclusive  of  Poland. 


'>  Estimated. 


•Includes  Alaska  and  Hawaii. 


Some  countries  have  a  very  small  number  of  cattle  in  proportion  to 
the  population.  The  number  of  cows  alone  does  not  show  the  condi- 
tion of  the  dairy  industry,  however,  for  in  many  places  large  numbers 
of  buffalo,  reindeer,  goats,  etc..  supply  milk  and  meat. 

The  United  States  is  far  in  the  lead  of  all  foreign  countries  in  the 
extent  of  its  stock-raising  interests  and  the  annual  value  of  its  daily 
products. 

Dairying  is  carried  on  extensive!}'  and  successfully  in  certain  parts 
of  Europe,  and  some  statistical  information  regarding  this  industry 
is  accessible,  although  far  from  being  as  complete  as  could  be  desired. 

CANADA. 

Canada  has  made  rapid  advances  in  the  dairy  industry  in  recent 
years.  Cheese  is  the  product  of  greatest  commercial  importance, 
although  butter  making  for  export  is  also  receiving  much  attention. 
The  following  table  illustrates  this  development: 

Exports  of  dairy  products  from  Canada. 


Year. 


Butter. 


Pounds. 

1893 7, 036, 013 

1900 25, 259, 737 

1901 16, 335, 528 

1902 27, 855, 978 


Dollars. 
1,2%,  814 
5, 122, 156 
3,295,663 
5. 660, 541 


Cheese. 

Poundx.  Dollar*. 

133, 940, 365  13, 407, 470 

185,984,430  19,856,324 

195, 926, 397  20, 696, 951 

200,946,401  19.686,291 


STATISTICS    OF    THE    DAIRY. 


77 


Almost  all  the  butter  and  cheese  exported  goes  to  Great  Britain, 
the  export  of  butter  to  that  country  in  1901  being  valued  at  £3.14:2.353, 
and  cheese  at  $-20,609,361,  and  in  1902  $5,459,300  for  butter  and 
§19.620.239  for  cheese. 


Ontario  is  th/e  leading  dairy  province  of  Canada.  It  is  about  four 
times  as  large  as  Michigan  and  has  less  than  half  as  many  cows  per 
square  mile.  It  produces  about  one-fifth  as  much  cheese  per  square 
mile  as  New  York  State. 

Particular*  of  cheese  and  butter  factories  hi  Ontario,  1901. 


Number 

Product.                 fft^ 
ries. 

Amount 
mnde. 

(iross  value. 

Milk  re- 
ipiired 
to  make 
1  pound. 

Value 
per 
pound. 

Amount  paid 
to  patrons. 

Average 
number 
of 
patrons. 

Pound*. 

Dollnr*. 

Pounds. 

OH/,-'. 

Dollar*. 

Cheese  1,167 

134,942,517 

12,2(59,073 

10.63 

9.09 

10,814,538 

59,  377 

Butter                                       286 

9  047  260 

1  798  264 

19  88 

1  549  576 

19  S% 

Ontario  in  1902  had  2,562,584  head  of  neat  cattle,  1.010.746  of  these 
being  cows.  Using  the  population  of  I9ol,  we  rind  117.4  neat  cattle 
and  46.3  cows  per  KM)  persons.  The  number  of  cows  per  101)  persons 
is  greater  than  in  any  of  the  European  countries,  although  the  cows 
constitute  only  39.4  per  cent  of  the  total  cattle. 


I'KINCK    KI>\VAKI>    ISLAND. 


In  Prince  Edward  Island  in  the  season  of  19t)l,  37.23(1. 775  pounds 
of  milk  was  made  into  cheese  in  43  factories.  The  amount  of  cheese 
made  was  3.597, 6S9  pounds,  showing  an  average  of  lo.4o  pounds  of 
milk  to  one  pound  of  cheese,  and  the  average  price  of  cheese  for  the 
season  was  9.O1  cents  per  pound.  The  cost  of  manufacturing  was  $2.11 
per  loo  pounds,  and  the  net  value  of  the  milk  per  loo  pounds  varied 
from  60  to  7o  cents.  Twenty-seven  of  these  cheese  factories  made 
butter,  and,  together  with  5  creameries,  produced  633.679  pounds  of 
butter,  valued  at  S132.792. 


XK\V    BKl'NSWICK. 


New  Brunswick  in  1902  had  55  cheese  factories  with  an  output  of 
1.910.733  pounds.  This  was  valued  at  9.92  cents  per  pound  and  ID.  14 
pounds  of  milk  were  required  for  1  pound  of  cheese.  There  were  40 
creameries  which  made  75O.911  pounds  of  butter,  with  an  average 
selling  price  of  2O.37  cents  per  pound,  and  21.52  pounds  of  milk  were 
required  for  L  pound  of  butter. 


MAMTOH  A. 


The  <-hee.se  factories  in  Manitolwi  in  1902  made   1,O'.)3.653  {MHind.s  of 
cheese,  selling  at  lo.  1H  cents  per  pound,  while  the  creameries  made 


Kl'REAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 


1.4»>«>.450  pounds  of  butter,  .soiling  at  18.60  cents  per  pound.  In  1901 
about  2.748.<>90  pounds  of  butter  were  marketed  bv  fanners,  at  an 
average  value  of  14. <>4  eents  per  pound,  and  in  190:4.  2.509.425  pounds 
at  an  average  of  14.92  rents  per  pound. 


Nova  Seotia  in  1901  had  7  cheese  factories.  ,s  creameries,  and  6  com- 
bined butter  and  cheese  factories.  The  products  from  these  were 
810,180  pounds  of  cheese  and  266. 1«9  pounds  of  butter. 


BRITISH    Col.r.MHIA. 


British  Columbia  in  19"!  had  s  creameries  which  produced  601,329 
pounds  of  butter. 

THK    TERKITOKIKS. 

The  Territories  (of  Canada)  had  19  creameries  in  1902.  Their  prod- 
uct was  586.171  pounds  of  butter,  valued  at  S116.S27.  which  was  an 
average  of  19.93  cents  per  pound. 

GREAT    BRITAIN"    AM)    IRELAND. 

The  number  of  neat  cattle  and  cows  for  the  last  ten  years  are  com- 
pared in  the  following  table: 


,-  Number  of  Number  of  Y     r  Number  of   Number  of 

neat  cattle'      cows.  neat  cattle.       cows. 


1892. 
1896. 


11,519,417 
10.941.055 


4,0%,  682 
4,0(16,827 


In  1902,  for  every  100  persons  there  were  27.3  neat  cattle  and  9.8 
cows. 

Estimated  production  uf  milk,  batter,  nnd  clieese. 


Number  of 

Total  mini-  Number  of     cows  giv-    Estimated    Estimated    Estimated 

,,    •    ,    ,r  v  ..  r  ber  cows       cows  per   \    ing  milk      total  milk  total  butter  total  cheese 

and  heifers    1.000  pop-   all  the  year  produced,    produced,  |  produced, 
in  milk.         ulation.      (75  percent       tons."  tons.''  tons.f 

of  total). 


1887  to  1891,  average   for  5 

years..'. 3.  937.  55i>  •  105.8  j  2.953,107  7.355.607  S4.  063  [  144,485 

1892  to  1890.  average  for  5 

years :',.991,269  102.8  2.993.515  7.098.586  M.094  137,999 

1897  to  1901.  average  for  5 

years 4.070,332  100.0  3. 052. 529  7.5(12.301  s5. 731  144.577 

The  year  1900 4,096.082  100.1  3.072.512  7.753,484  S8.611  152,300 

The  year  1901 4.102.001  98.7  3. 076.540  7.236,030  S2. 053  142.130 

«  Produced   in  52  weeks  by  75  per  cent  of  total  herd,  at  49  hundredweight,  or  531  gallons,  per  cow. 
''Produced  in  52  weeks,  taking  32  per  cent  of  total  milk  to  yield  80  pounds  of  butter  per  ton  of  milk. 
'•Produced  in  52  weeks,  taking  20  per  cent  of  total  milk  to  yield  220  pounds  of  cheese  per  ton  of 
milk. 


STATISTICS    OF    THE    DAIRY.  7V> 

Homemade  English  Cheddar  retails  at  :>o  cents  per  pound,  while 
imported  Cheddar  cheese  is  13  cents  per  pound.  Butter  for  general 
use  retails  very  uniformly  at  i?4  cents  per  pound  throughout  the  year. 
About  1.")  gallons  of  milk  are  consumed  yearly  per  capita. 

The  returns  from  1H.3  cooperative  dairy  societies  (creameries)  in  Ire- 
land for  1D01  were  as  follows: 

Membership 33, 064 

Sales  of  butter,  value  in  pounds  sterling 717,  902 

Milk  received,  gallons 37,  1(51 ,  892 

Butter  produced,  pounds 15,  345,  942 

Milk  per  pound  of  butter,  gallons 2.  4 

Average  price  milk  per  gallon,  pence  -  - •            3.  97 

Average  price  per  pound  of  butter,  pence 11.  22 

Cost  of  making,  per  pound,  pence 1 .  29 

Importation  in  hundred  ireightg  (112 pounds)  >>i/  tin'  1'niti'il  Kiiujdom. 


Year.  Butt.-r.     •     Ch.tw.  1  Year.  Butter.          Clu-fs.-.        "'''f 

III!  1  K .  Till  1  K. 

___ 

1892 2,183,009       2.232,817          481.374'    1900 3,37s..Mf>       2.705,87s    

18C5 2,825,  M2       2.133,819          M9,  391       1901 3, 702.  MO       2,.W>,X37  921,020 

1898 3.209,153       2.339,452          S17.274       1902 3.  '.171.177       2.5»t>,3S4    

The  imports  of  butter  by  countries  in  11MI-2  were  as  follows: 

Cwts.  C\vts. 

Australia 80, 460      Holland 393, 2(il 

Canada 285,705      Russia 489,091 

New  Zealand 157,  993     Sweden 191,591 

United  States 54,458      Other  countries 177.  967 

Denmark 1 ,  703,  032 

France 414,141  -   :i-""-M~ 

Germany 26,  418 

The  cheese  imported  from  Canada  in  ll»Oi>  amounted  to  1.701».f>ti<> 
hundredweights.  Nearly  all  the  imported  cheese  is  of  the  Cheddar 
variety. 

In  15*01  the  greater  part  of  the  condensed  milk  came  from  France 
(of  Swiss  origin).  34<M  IS  hundredweights:  the  Netherlands.  :Ul.i>Oi» 
hundredweights;  Norway.  luo.iMi  hundredweights;  and  the  Tnited 
States.  73.OHJ  hundredweights. 

VICTORIA. 

Victoria,  the  leading  dairy  colony  of  Australia,  had.  in  l!»0l.  1, »><);>.- 
3X4  neat  cattle,  of  which  r>^l.«»li'  were  cows;  this  wax  133.4  neat  cattle 
and  43.4  cows  per  1<>0  person-..  There  were  ^MN  butter  and  cheese 
factories,  with  37'J  brunches. 


80  BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 

The  approximate  output,  consumption,  and  export  of  butter  is  as 
follows: 


191)1. 


Output 

Pounds. 

09  144  187 

P<  >n  n<l>*. 
72  180  959 

PtHUHtS. 

05  154  075 

:'>•'  906  718 

34  387  798  ! 

30  007  6.V 

Export 

30  ''37  409 

37  793  101 

°9  140  393 

NEW    SOUTH    WALKS. 

New  South  Wales  had  420.148  dairy  cows  in  1900.  yielding  149.- 
153,000  gallons  of  milk.  Of  this.  111,069,000  gallons  were  used  for 
butter  and  3.559,000  gallons  for  cheese.  The  average  yield  of  milk 
per  cow  was  355  gallons  per  annum.  The  butter  exported  in  1900 
amounted  to  nearly  8.500.000  pounds,  aaid  the  total  value  of  dairy 
products  is  estimated  at  Sl3.T56.18T. 

NEW    ZEALAND. 

The  government  of  New  Zealand  is  doing  all  it  can  to  promote  the 
dairy  industry.  Perhaps  no  country  is  its  superior  for  the  produc- 
tion of  milk  from  natural  grasses  and  fodders,  while  the  climate  is  so 
favorable  that  the  cattle  do  not  require  to  be  wintered  in  expensive 
stables.  During  the  year  ended  March  31.  1902,  the  exports  of  butter 
and  cheese  amounted  to  219,493  hundredweights  and  86,476  hundred- 
weights, respectively,  valued  at  over  $1,000,000.  This  was  an  increase 
of  20  per  cent  over  the  previous  year. 

In  1900  there  were  1,256.680  neat  cattle,  of  which  372.416  were 
cows;  this  was  151.5  neat  cattle  and  -14.9  cows  for  every  100  inhabi- 
tants, the  number  of  cows  being  21. T  per  cent  that  of  the  total  cattle. 

DENMARK. 

Denmark  is  about  one-third  the  size  of  New  York.  The  neat  cattle 
and  eowrs  of  Denmark  for  previous  years  are: 


Total 
Census  rear  —                                                        number  of 
cattle. 

Number  of 
cows. 

1881 

1  470  078 

898  790 

1888 

1,459  527 

954,250 

1893 

1  6%  190 

1  011,098 

1898 

1  743  440 

1,067,139 

By  taking  the  population  of  1901.  for  every  100  persons  there  are 
70. T  neat  cattle  and  43.4  cows,  tbe  cows  forming  61.2  per  cent  of  the 
total  cattle. 


STATISTICS    OF    THE    DAIRY.  81 

In  19(12  there  were  in  Denmark  1,250  creameries.  20  cheese  factories, 
and  500  combined  butter  and  cheese  factories.  Very  little  butter  is 
made  on  small  farms,  but  large  estates  have  creameries  of  their  own. 
A  very  large  part  of  the  creameries  of  Denmark,  however,  are  coop- 
erative establishments.  The  1.100,OOO  milch  cows  produced  653,833,- 
125  gallons  of  milk — an  average  of  594  gallons  per  cow. 

The  total  butter  made  in  1902  amounted  to  181.879,500  pounds.  26 
pounds  of  milk  being  required  for  1  pound  of  butter.  The  butter 
exports  for  the  year  ended  October  3o.  1902,  were  193,061.998  pounds, 
and  the  imports  54,138,811  pounds,  leaving  a  net  exportation  of 
138,823. 1S7  pounds.  The  imports  were  mainly  Finnish  and  Russian 
(Siberian)  butters,  intercepted  by  enterprising  merchants  for  reexport. 
The  Danish  imports  and  exports  of  cheese  have  been,  in  recent  years, 
as  follows:  Imports  in  1894,  816.704  pounds:  in  1899,  1.248.800 
pounds:  and  in  1901.  1,086,400  pounds;  exports  in  1S94,  23.408 
pounds,  and  in  1901,  61,600  pounds. 

The  export  of  oleo.  or  margarine,  from  Denmark  is  not  per- 
mitted, although  large  quantities  are  produced,  under  Government 
regulations,  for  consumption  within  the  country,  and  there  is  a  con- 
siderable import.  The  Danes  consume  18£  pounds  of  margarine  per 
capita,  this  rate  having  risen  from  54-  pounds  per  capita  within  ten 
years. 

A  striking  feature  in  the  dairying  of  Denmark  is  the  great  number 
of  small  farms  and  small  dairy  herds.  This  is  well  shown  by  the 
following  table: 

Number   if  farmers  owning  1  cow 20.  500 

Numlier   if  farmers  owning  2  cows 27.  700 

Number   if  farmers  owning  X  t(  >  5  cows 2t>.  81X1 

Number   if  farmers  owning  t>  to  9  cows 25.  400 

Number   >f  farmers  owning  10  to  14  cows 19.  800 

Numl>er   if  fanners  owning  15  to  29  cows 29.  8(H) 

Number   if  fanners  owning  30  to  49  cows ">.  800 

Numln-r  >f  fanners  owning  50  to  99  cows 1 ,  440 

Number   >f  farmers  owning  over  100  cows t».  7*52 

SWEDEN'. 

The  development  of  the  cattle  industry  will  be  shown  by  the  follow 
ing  figures: 

Total 

(Vnsii-  year.  mimlMT  ol          Cows. 

cattle. 

18X0 I'.  2-.'?.  7:>7  1.409.236 

1M*"> Z  MO.  •»&          1 .  7(1%.  CAM 


82  WRKAl'    <>F    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 

For  ouch  I'to  persons  there  are  now  5n.3  neat  rattle  and  34.4  cows, 
the  cows  forming  08.4  per  cent  of  the  total  nunil)erot'  cattle.  In  19i»2 
over  TIKI. in »(>.(»( ii i  u-allons  of  milk  was  produced,  and  121,253.000 
pounds  of  butter  made,  of  which  about  42.<HXU>00  pounds  were 
exported. 

Then-  are  1.215  creameries.  2s7  cheese  factories,  and  180  combined 
butter  and  cheese  factories.  The  total  quantity  of  milk  handled  by 
these  factories  was  I.s57.22s.67<>  pounds.  From  this  was  made 
57.57<>.'.>r>3  pounds  of  butter.  7. 19SU537  pounds  full-cream  cheese, 
3.220.145  pounds  half-cream  cheese.  4<»3.02l  pounds  quarter-cream 
cheese,  and  5.503.401  pounds  skim-milk  cheese.  The  number  of 
butter  and  cheese  factory  patrons  was  1)8.947.  The  average  yearly 
consumption  of  butter  in  Sweden  is  estimated  at  only  12  pounds  per 
capita.  The  Government  supports  a  dairy  college,  two  dairy  schools, 
and  several  stations  for  training  dairy  maids.  There  are  also  a 
number  of  small  dairy  schools  supported  by  large  landed  proprietors. 

NORWAY. 
Th<^  number  of  cattle  and  of  cows  of  previous  years  are  as  follows: 


Total 

Census  year.  number  of       Cow.-. 

cattle. 


1865 953, 036  690,  777 

1875 1, 016, 617  I  741. 598 

1890 1, 006,  -497  |  706, 925 

1900...  950,201  !  689.563 


In  the  3rear  last  named  there  were  for  every  100  persons  45.1  neat 
cattle  and  31.7  cows.  Of  the  total  number  of  cattle  72. 0  per  cent  are 
cows. 

Norway  has  about  650  creameries.  The  product  in  1901  was 
7.710.100  pounds  of  butter  and  9.122.635  pounds  of  cheese.  The 
Government  maintains  9  creamery  schools  and  1  school  for  cheese 
making,  besides  appropriating  about  $2,000  for  the  advancement  of 
the  creamery  industry  abroad.  The  value  of  the  butter  imported  in 
1901  was  §119.528.  while  that  exported  was  §701,892.  The  product 
of  3  condensed-milk  factories  is  exported. 

THE    NETHERLANDS. 

The  cattle  industrv  of  this  country  is  shown  in  the  following  table: 

Total 


Year. 


number  of       Cow? 
cattle. 


1890 1,532,800          900, 500 

1X96 1, 583, 400  ;       916, 900 

18W '     1,646,500          958,400 


STATISTICS    OF    THE    DAIRY.  83 

There  were,  in  1899,  32.3  neat  cattle  and  IS. 8  cows  per  100  inhabit- 
ants, and  58.2  per  cent  of  the  cattle  were  milch  cows. 

The  Netherlands  had,  in  1900,  873  creameries  and  76  cheese  facto- 
ries. The  total  butter  and  cheese  production  was  as  follows: 


Where  produced. 

Butter. 

Cheese. 

ls99. 

1900. 

1  ^99. 

1900. 

6*  932  554 

65.  949,  620 
54,807,036 
US,  628 

110.  873.  664  : 
36,033,487  ' 
6.793.024  i 

113,469,620 
44,240,035 
8,  269,  554 

In  creameries  

In  cheese  factories 

52,831.540 
79  867 

Total  

r21.H43.961 

120.  875.  2S4 

153.700.175  j 

165,  979,  209 

It  is  thus  seen  that  cheese  is  generally  and  largely  made  in  the 
establishments  classed  as  creameries.  This  means  a  considerable  pro- 
duction of  skimmed  or  partly  skimmed  cheese.  Imports  and  exports 
of  cheese  are  thus  reported:  Imports  in  1895.  249,76o  pounds;  in 
1901,  293,664  pounds;  exports  in  1895,  36,627.360  pounds;  in  19ol, 
52.971,072  pounds.  In  1902  the  exports  to  Great  Britain  were 
31,810,016  pounds  of  cheese  and  44,045,232  pounds  of  butter. 

BELGIUM. 

Belgium  has  four-fifths  as  many  milch  cows  as  the  State  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, although  it  is  only  one-fourth  the  size  of  that  State.  The 
following  figures  show  the  growth  of  the  cattle  industry: 


Total 

Yeur.  number  of 

cattle. 


1866 1 , 242.  J45  73s,  732 

1880 1 .  3S-2. 815  796,  17S 

1895 1 ,  120.  <i7s  ,s02, 271 

1900 1 .  t',57, 494  828, 445 


In  1900  there  were  only  24.6  n^at  cattle  and  12.3  cows  per  1<»0 
inhabitants.  The  dairy  interests  are  extensive,  but  fall  considerably 
short  of  supplying  the  demand.  In  19ol  the  butter  imports  and 
exports  were  7,833,241  pounds  and  5.926.86O  pounds,  respectively. 
The  average  yearly  per  capita  consumption  of  butter  is  iC)  pounds. 
Cooperative  creameries  are  numerous  and  prosperous  in  Luxem- 
bourg. Imports  of  cheese  amounted  to  5.759,040  pounds  in  1893  and 
to  9,924,560  pounds  in  1901,  while  the  exports  were  M.76O  pounds  in 
1893  and  69,664  jwunds  in  1901. 
*— No.  55—04 7 


84 


BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY 


FRANCE. 


France  is  over  four  times  as  large  as  the  State  of  New  York  and 
has  one  and  one-fourth  times  as  many  cows  per  square  mile.  The 
growth  of  the  cattle  and  dairy  industry  has  been  as  follows: 


Year. 

Total 
number  of 
cattle. 

Cows. 

1885                                     

13,  104,  970 

6,  414,  487 

1890                         

13,  562,  685 

6  509,325 

1895 

13  233  828 

6  359  795 

1900.            

14,  520,  830 

7,819  582 

In  1901  there  were  37.7  neat  cattle  and  20.7  cows  per  100  inhabitants. 
The  milk  produced  in  1901  amounted  to  2,076,079,299  gallons,  valued 
at  $223,758,093,  or  10.92  cents  per  gallon,  from  8,068,857  cows.  The 
decennial  average  1892-1901  was  2,092,919,265  gallons,  valued  at 
$232,962,981,  or  11.12  cents  per  gallon,  from  6,674,863  cows. 

For  the  production  of  milk  France  and  England  are  both  entitled  to 
occupy  third  place  in  Europe.  England  produces  as  much  milk  with 
a  smaller  number  of  cows. 

In  1901  the  departments  furnishing  the  most  milk  were: 


Cows.    ] 

Gallons. 

Cents  per 
gallon. 

Nord 

203  074  : 

107  44''  "2 

12  39 

Deux  Sevres 

101  579 

95  555  572 

9  00 

Ille-et-Vilainc 

443  0°3 

80  113  119 

11  66 

Calvados 

127  809 

69  048  147 

11  47 

Seine  Inferieure 

170  941 

63  870  045 

9  71 

The  lowest  price  for  milk  is  obtained  in  Aube,  Haute-Marne,  and 
Finistere  (7.3  cents  per  gallon);  the  highest,  24.84  cents  per  gallon,  in 
the  department  of  Seine. 

There  are  427  creameries  and  1,044  cheese  factories.  In  1902  the 
imports  were  11,813,349  pounds  of  fresh  butter  and  147,047  pounds  of 
salted  butter,  valued  at  $3,030,048,  while  the  exports  of  butter  were 
29,847,418  pounds,  valued  at  $14,989,175,  giving  a  surplus  of  over 
$11,500,000.  This  is  due  to  the  small  per  capita  butter  consumption, 
which  is  probably  less  than  5  pounds,  or  not  one-fourth  of  that  of  the 
United  States.  Cheese,  on  the  other  hand,  is  one  of  the  most  common 
articles  of  food,  being  made  in  great  variety  and  consumed  in  very 
large  quantities.  The  commerce  in  cheese  is  reported  as  follows,  for 
recent  selected  years:  Imports  amounted  to  38,111,913  pounds  in  1883, 
27,871,642  pounds  in  1893,  and  42,034,017  pounds  in  1901,  while  the 
exports  were  8,377,235  pounds  in  1883,  12,388,732  pounds  in  1893,  and 
17,795,097  pounds  in  1901. 

France  in  1901  imported  98,440  pounds  of  milk  sugar  and  about 
1,000,000  pounds  of  casein. 


STATISTICS    OF    THE    DAIRY. 


85 


SWITZERLAND. 

The  increase  in  the  cattle  industry  is  shown  by  the  following  table: 


Year. 


Total 

number  of 
cattle. 


Cows. 


187ti 1, 035, 930  592, 463 

1886 1, 212, 538  663, 102 

1896 1, 306, 696  688, 052 

1901...  1,340,375  739,922 


In  1901  there  were  40. 4:  cattle  and  22.3  cows  for  every  100  persons. 
In  this  year  the  milk  product  amounted  to  497,525,000  gallons  of  cows' 
milk  and  19,875,000  gallons  of  goats'  milk.  The  average  yearly  per 
capita  consumption  of  milk  is  calculated  as  225  liters  (238  quarts). 
There  was  used  175,673,050  gallons  for  making  cheese  and  butter, 
fully  two-thirds  of  this  being  for  cheese.  About  06,042,500  gallons 
was  converted  into  condensed  milk.  There  are  about  5,400  cheese 
dairies,  half  of  which  are  situated  in  the  mountains.  The  trade  of 
1901  was  as  follows: 


i'nxhiet. 


Imports,  1901. 


Kxports,  1901. 


Butter  

Kilos. 
2,323,100  ; 

Prancs. 
5,585,305  ' 

Kilns 
42, 



Francs. 

136,  8S2 

Soft  cheese 

!     1  241  100  ' 

1  472  940  ! 

36 

700 

57  823 

Hard  cheese 

'         686  100 

791,095 

27,213 

>oo 

43  976,458 

Condense*!  mi)k 

4  900 

4  900 

30,  724, 

100 

28,  941.266 

Whey  butter,  made  from  the  fat  which  separates  from  the  curd 
during  the  cooking  process  in  the  manufacture  of  Emmenthaler  cheese, 
is  used  extensively,  and  retails  at  30  cents  a  pound. 


GERMANY. 

The  cattle  industry  has  increased  as  follows: 


Year. 


Total 
number  of 

cattle. 


1*83 15, 7sr..  764        y,  UN;,  WM; 

1«»2 17. 555.  f.'.U          9. 946. 164 

1900 is.  939, 692         10,45S.631 


t'sing  the  census  figures  of  19OO  we  find  that  there  are  33.6  neat  cattle 
and  IS. 6  cows  JMT  loo  persons.  There  are  in  Germany  about  6,375 
creameries  and  cooperative  societies  of  dairymen.  Most  of  these  make 
butter,  although  many  only  cooperate  in  collecting  and  shipping  milk 
to  market,  or  in  managing  city  milk  depots.  This  country  has,  in 


86  BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 

addition,  nearly  1,000  private  or  "estates'1  dairies,  which  use  steam 
power  and  are  of  sufficient  size  to  be  mentioned  with  the  creameries. 
Of  the  whole  number  one-third  are  in  the  northwestern  German 
States,  one-sixth  in  Prussia,  and  an  equal  portion  in  Brandenburg1  and 
Pomerania. 

Statistics  show  the  imports  and  exports  of  butter  to  be  as  follows, 
the  weights  being  in  kilograms: 

Year.  j    Imports.        Exports. 

Kilus.  Kilo*. 

1870 3,  -110, 000  17, 880. 000 

1888 5, 170, 000  13,  G50,  000 

189S 8,580,000  2,8:>0,000 

1900 15. 720, 000  2, 520, 000 

1901 18, 007, 900  2, 46C,  400 

The  exports  are  thus  seen  to  be  steadily  decreasing,  while  the 
imports  are  increasing  in  greater  proportion. 

Butter  is  imported  principally  from  Denmark.  Holland,  and  Russia. 
The  Berlin  market  demands  a  fresh  or  half-salted  butter,  while  Ham- 
burg requires  it  very  highly  salted  and  preserved  with  antiseptics. 
The  butter  packer  at  Hamburg  mixes  good  and  bad  butter  together, 
using  strong  brine  to  give  it  good  keeping  qualities  and  also  to  add 
weight.  Some  of  these  butters  contain  as  high  as  30  per  cent  moisture. 

The  cheese  imported  in  1901  amounted  to  16.669,700  kilograms, 
while  that  exported  was  1.456.800  kilograms,  leaving  a  net  import  of 
15,212,900  kilograms.  In  the  same  year  1,700  kilograms  of  condensed 
milk  was  imported,  while  2,929,700  kilograms  wras  exported. 

RUSSIA. 

Russia,  with  its  new  grass  lands  in  Siberia  and  now  served  by  the 
transcontinental  railway,  shows  signs  of  rapid  expansion.  In  1900 
there  were  15  dairy  schools  in  Russia.  The  daily  development  is  very 
largeh'  under  the  management  of  Danes.  The  department  of  agri- 
culture has  allotted  $39.000  to  encourage  dairy  production  and  export 
in  Siberia.  This  amount  is  to  be  used  for  the  support  of  creamery 
instructors  to  maintain  examining  laboratories  and  educational  courses, 
and  in  the  organization  of  creameries  in  Western  Siberia.  Russia 
exported,  in  1902,  2,274.000  poods,  or  about  82.118.000  pounds,  of 
butter,  the  exports  to  England  being  about  17,500  tons,  while  in  1892 
they  were  only  about  1,000  tons.  This  increase  is  due  in  a  large 
measure  to  the  new  Siberian  product,  which  has  a  good  reputation  for 
purity.  The  price  of  table  butter  at  Tomsk  is  about  16f  cents  per 
pound,  while  the  second  grade  sells  at  10  cents  per  pound.  In  1901 
Russia  imported  1,375,920  pounds  of  cheese  and  exported  807,184 
pounds. 


STATISTICS    OF    THE    DAIRY. 

AUSTRIA. 
The  cattle  industry  has  increased  as  follows: 


87 


Year. 

Total 
number  of 
cattle. 

Cows. 

1809 

7.  425,  212 

3,831,136 

1880 

^  5S4  077 

4  138  (V'5 

1890  

S,  643.  9o6 

4,251.303 

1900 

9  50<>  5''6 

4  744  608 

Using  the  census  of  December  31.  IHoO.  we  rind  that  there  are  30.4 
cattle  and  18.1  cows  per  100  persons.  In  Austria  there  are  774 
creameries  and  cheese  factories.  In  Tyrol  alone  there  are  504  Gruvere 
cheese-making-  creameries. 


HUNGARY. 


The  number  of  cattle  has  increased  as  follows: 


Year. 


Total 

number  of 
entile. 


Cows 


1S70. 
1880. 
1895. 


.^.279,193 
.1,311,378 
f>.738,3»>5 


2,052,4.SS 
2,035.217 

2,  1*5.224 


The  extent  of  the  dairy  industry  of  Austria-Hungary  in  IJMil  was 
as  follows: 


Product. 


Kilo,*. 

Butter 6(1,  700 

Chwsc...  .      3, 2%.  400 


KxjMirts. 

Kilns. 
7.474.N.H) 
364, 100 


GREECE. 

Dairying  in  this  country  is  not  extensive,  yet  in  l!»01  Greek  cheese 
valued  at  £!»'», »'>i>:>  and  Greek  butter  valued  at  s.'54-M  were  imported  by 
the  United  States.  Nearly  all  the  butter  was  received  in  the  melted 
state  and  was  unsalted.  There  are  a  few  dairies  that  keep  cows  and 
use  dairy  machinery.  The  amount  of  cows'  butter  made  in  the 
vicinity  of  Athens  is  estimated  at  1  <>:',. f.r.o  pounds,  while  71  '».<>< ><i 
pounds  of  imported  butter  is  consumed  there. 

The  natives  use  the  milk  of  the  goat  and  >heep.  believing  it  to  l»c 
more  healthy  than  that  of  the  row. 


88 


BUREAU    OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY. 
ITALY. 


In  1890  it  was  estimated  that  there  were  5,000,000  cattle  and  1,800,000 
goats.  The  goats  are  milked  at  the  door  of  the  consumer.  Very 
little  butter  is  used,  olive  oil  taking  its  place  in  cooking.  The  trade 
in  dairy  products  in  1901  was  as  follows: 


Product. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

Butter  

Kilos. 
332,  600 

Kilos. 
6  051  200 

4  807  700 

10  933  600 

Condensed  milk 

7  300 

16  300 

ARGENTINA. 

Dairying  in  Argentina  is  fast  increasing.  Since  1895  there  have 
been  established  several  large  butter  factories,  besides  importing 
houses  concerned  in  the  introduction  of  butter-making  machinery. 
Statistics  for  1901  show  that  there  are  523  dairies  and  about  300  cheese 
factories.  One  "dairy"  is  alone  capable  of  producing  5  tons  of  butter 
per  day.  The  exports  of  butter  in  1901  had  increased  to  over  3,000 
tons,  of  which  Great  Britain  received  3,281,889  pounds,  at  an  average 
price  a  little  more  than  24  cents  per  pound.  *  The  exports  of  butter 
in  1902  had  increased  to  9,021,026  pounds.  The  principal  daily  is  the 
Granja  Blanca,  with  near!}'  5,000  cows  in  two  herds  (Las  Heras  and 
Escobar  farms).  This  establishment  sells  pasteurized,  maternized, 
and  sterilized  milk,  as  well  as  condensed  milk,  kefir,  natural  milk, 
butter,  casein,  and  soap. 

BRAZIL. 

The  daiiy  industry  of  Brazil  is  yet  in  its  embryonic  state.  There 
is  a  decided  lack  of  milch  cows,  although  the  grazing  lands  are  exten- 
sive. That  very  excellent  butter  can  be  made  is  shown  by  the  product 
of  its  German  colonies  in  the  south.  In  1901  Brazil  imported  over 
1,700,000  pounds  of  butter,  nearly  two-thirds  of  this  coming  from 
France. 

o 


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('Continued  from  second  page  of  rover.) 


Dr.  H.  I).  Mayne,  Malone.  N.  Y. 

Dr.  J.  Miller,  care  John  Morrell  &  Co.,  Ottumwa, 

Iowa. 
Dr.  J.  C.  Milnes,  care  The  Rath   Packing  Co., 

Waterloo,  Iowa. 
Dr.  C.  L.  Morin.  St.  Albuns.  Vt. 
Dr.  A.  B.  Morse,  care  The  Agar  Packing  Co.,  Des 

Moines,  Iowa. 
Dr.  W.  J.  Murphy,  care  Springfield  Provision  Co., 

Brightwood.  M 
Dr.  W.  X.  .Neil,  care  John  Cudahy  Co.,  Wichita. 

Kans. 
Dr.  H.  I).  I'axsoti.  care  Swift  &  Co.,  Fort  Worth. 

Tex. 

Dr.  F.  M.  Perry.  Fort  Fairneld.  Me. 
Dr.  <;.    W.    Pope,    Animal    Quarantine    Station, 

Athfiiia.  N.  .1. 

Dr.  }{.  T.  Potter.  Calais.  M.-. 
Dr.    A.   <;.   <i.    Richardson.   Room  16    Deaderiek 

Building.  Knoxville.  Tenn. 
Dr.  W.  H.  Rose,  ix  Broadway,  New  York,  X.  Y. 
Dr.  F.  L.  Russell,  Orono,  Me. 


Dr.  J.  F.  Ryder,  care  U.  S.  consul,  Liverpool, 
England. 

Dr.  E.  P.  Sehaffter,  care  Cleveland  Provision  Co., 
Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Dr.  C.  A.  Schaufler,  134  South  Second  st.,  Phila- 
delphia, Pa. 

Dr.  T.  A.  Shipley,  care  T.  M.  Sinclair  &  Co.,  Ltd., 
Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa. 

Dr.  N.  C.  Sorensen,  care  Kingan  &  Co.,  Indian- 
apolis, Ind. 

Dr.  R.  P.  Steddom,  147  Milk  st..  Boston,  Mass. 

Dr.  N.  L.  Towns-end,  Fremont,  Nehr. 

Mr.  Wru.  H.  Wade,  Animal  Quarantine  station, 
Halethorp,  Md. 

Dr.  H.  N.  Waller,  109  West  4Ud  st.,  New  York.  N.  Y. 

Dr.  G.  W.  Ward,  Newport,  Vt. 

Dr.  B.  P.  Wende,  Live  Stock  Exchange  Building, 
East  Buffalo.  N.  Y. 

Dr.  W.  II.  Wray,  39  Hawarden  grove,  Henie  Hill, 
S.  E.,  London,  England. 

Dr.  C.  H.  Zink,  care  Western  Packing  Co.,  Denver, 
Colo. 


DAIRY   INSPECTORS. 


W.  1).  Collyer.  210  South  Water  st.,  Chicago,  111. 

James  H'-wes.  2110  North  Charles  st.,  Baltimore, 
Md. 

M.  W.  \MI\K,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Wash- 
ington, D.  c. 

M. 'Donald,  frtand  ;VJ  Downs  Block,  Seattle, 
Wash. 

Wm.  E.  Smith,  168  Chambers  St.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 


B.  F.  Van  Valkenburgh,  168  Chambers  st..  New 

York,  N.  Y. 

E.  H.Webster  (in  the  field,  or),  Manhattan.  Kans. 
Lev!  Wells  (Bradford  County),  Spring  Hill,  Pa. 
«.  M.  Whitaker,  P.O. box  1882,  Boston.  Mass. 
W.  D.  Me  Arthur,  114  California  St.,  San  Francisco, 

Cal. 


Univej 

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